There is no simple description.

A face of the Minkowski sum is the Minkowski sum of faces of the summands. More exactly, if $F_u(P)$ denotes the face of $P$ with outer normal $u$, then
$$
F_u(P+Q) = F_u(P) + F_u(Q).
$$
In dimension $2$ this yields the description that you gave. In higher dimensions it can happen that $F_u(P+Q)$ is a facet while $F_u(P)$ and $F_u(Q)$ are faces of smaller dimensions. (Take for example the octahedron and perturb its support numbers in two different ways; the Minkowski sum of these two polytopes might have more than eight faces: new faces will be parallel to the "equators" of the octahedron.)

The normal fan of the Minkowski sum is the coarsest common refinement of the normal fans of the summands. Thus, in order to know the normals to the facets of $P+Q$ you need to know the face structures of $P$ and $Q$, which is not easy to read off the facet volumes $\alpha_i$, $\beta_i$.

Even if you know the normals to the facets, it is not easy to determine the facet volumes (you need to compute the volume of a Minkowski sum). This is not easy already in the combinatorially simplest case, when the face structures (the normal fans) of $P$ and $Q$ are the same.