Maybe my answer is beside the point, because the question speaks about the "limit distribution of $t(\theta_1,\dots,\theta_d)$" (for real $t$?). Shouldn't it be
$n(\theta_1,\dots,\theta_d)$ for $n=1,2,\ldots$?

If this is the case, the book by Kuipers and Niederreiter (Uniform Distribution of Sequences, 1974), contains the generic version of what you call the Kronecker-Weyl Theorem as "Example 6.1" on p. 48. The proper condition is the real numbers $1,\theta_1,\dots,\theta_d$ are linearly independent over the rationals.

The notes on p.51 mention that "a discussion of the exceptional case in this example was also carried out by Weyl", referring to his classical paper: Hermann Weyl. Über die Gleichverteilung von Zahlen mod. Eins. Mathematische Annalen, 77:313–352, 1916.

Indeed, §5 of that paper, "Die Ausnahmefälle" (the exceptional cases), contains a
Theorem 18 (pp. 340-341). It deals with the more general case where each coordinate is not just a linear function of $n$ but an arbitrary polynomial.
The conclusion is that the points cover a finite number of linear $r$-dimensional manifolds, (possibly with different integer multiplicities), all these manifolds are parallel, and each of them is filled with uniform density. The theorem specifies how to determine $r$ and the multiplicities.