$\def\cpvar{\mathsf{CPVar}} \def\spvar{\mathsf{SPVar}} \def\Spec{\operatorname{Spec}} \def\class{\mathrm{class}} \def\sO{\mathcal{O}} \def\Hom{\operatorname{Hom}}$Let $k$ be a field. By classical $k$-prevariety I mean a quasi-compact locally ringed space over $\Spec k$ that is locally isomorphic (over $\Spec k$) to an algebraic subset of $k^n$ with the sheaf of regular functions. This is the same as a “prevariety in the sense of FAC” (although Serre required $k$ to be algebraically closed). (A classical $k$-variety is a classical $k$-prevariety that is separated, see e.g. Milne's notes, 5.7, 5.8 and 5.26.) A morphism of classical $k$-prevarieties is a morphism of locally ringed spaces over $\Spec k$.

Now suppose $\overline{k}=k$. There is an equivalence of categories between classical $k$-prevarieties and reduced $k$-schemes of finite type. I wrote a very detailed account and proof of the result in The Classical-Schematic Equivalence.

However, I wonder: What happens when $\overline{k}\neq k$? Let us call a “schematic $k$-prevariety” to a reduced $k$-scheme of finite type. Can we relate somehow the categories of classical and schematic $k$-prevarieties? Is there some “canonical” functor in any direction between them? Denote $\cpvar_k$ and $\spvar_k$ to these categories.

Obstructions for the existence of a “canonical” functor $G:\cpvar_k\to\spvar_k$

consider the case $k=\mathbb{R}$.

Where does $G$ send the classical affine line to?

Denote $X$ to the classical affine line. Then one idea might be $G(X)=\Spec(\Gamma(X,\sO_X))$. Problem: this scheme is not of finite type over $\Spec \mathbb{R}$ (i.e., $\Gamma(X,\sO_X)$ is not a finitely generated $\mathbb{R}$-algebra): the real algebra $\Gamma(X,\sO_X)$ contains all regular functions $T=\left\{\frac{1}{(x-c)(x-\overline{c})}\mid c\in\mathbb{C}\setminus\mathbb{R}\right\}$. On the other hand, it is not difficult to see that $\Gamma(X,\sO_X)$ is generated by $\mathbb{R}[x]\cup T$. Moreover, given a finite subset $S\subset T$, one can check that the $\mathbb{R}$-algebra generated by $\mathbb{R}[x]\cup S$ is disjoint from $T\setminus S$. (In particular, a finite subset of $\Gamma(X,\sO_X)$ generates a real algebra that cannot contain all of $T$.)

So the only reasonable alternative left is to define $G(X)=\Spec(\mathbb{R}[x])$. But this also brings us into trouble, because $\Gamma(X,\sO_X)$ identify with classical endomorphisms of the real affine line. Very concretely, if we consider the morphism \begin{align*} f:X&\to X\\ x&\mapsto \frac{1}{x^2+1},\tag{1}\label{1} \end{align*} then the map $f^*:\Gamma(X,\sO_X)\to \Gamma(X,\sO_X)$, obtained by precomposition by $f$, does not preserve $\mathbb{R}[x]$. It is not clear then what $G(f):\Spec(\mathbb{R}[x])\to \Spec(\mathbb{R}[x])$ should be.

(Incomplete) attempt to construct a “canonical” functor $F:\spvar_k\to\cpvar_k$

The following is just trying to carry out the construction we know possible when $k$ is algebraically closed, but now performed for an arbitrary field.

Let $X$ be a schematic $k$-prevariety. We are going to define $F(X)$ in the following way: we declare its underlying set to be the subset of $X$ of $k$-rational points (recall that a point $x\in X$ is said to be $k$-rational if the canonical morphism $k\to\kappa(x)$ is an isomorphism); equivalently, via a natural identification, it is the set of $k$-valued points over $k$ on $X$, i.e., $\Hom_{\Spec k}(\Spec k,X)$. We denote it as $X(k)$. The topology on $X(k)$ is the subspace topology inherited from $X$. We turn $X(k)$ into a a locally ringed space by equipping it with the structure sheaf $\sO_{X(k)}:=i^{-1}\sO_X$, where $i:X(k)\to X$ is the inclusion. Thus, $i$ promotes to a morphism of of locally ringed spaces. In particular, $X(k)$ is a locally ringed space over $\Spec k$.

This defines an endofunctor in locally ringed spaces over $\Spec k$: Since morphisms of $k$-schemes preserve $k$-rational points, a morphism of schematic $k$-prevarieties $f:X\to Y$ induces a continuous map $g:X(k)\to Y(k)$. Since $f\circ i=j\circ g$, where $i:X(k)\to X$ and $j:Y(k)\to Y$ are the inclusions, we can pullback the morphism $f^{-1}\sO_Y\to\sO_X$ along $i$ to obtain a morphism $g^{-1}\sO_{Y(k)}\to\sO_{X(k)}$. This way $g$ becomes a morphism of locally ringed spaces over $\Spec k$.

It would be left to prove:

Conjecture. The locally ringed space $(X(k),\sO_{X(k)})$ is a classical $k$-prevariety.

Proof attempt. If $U\subset X$ is open, then $X(k)\cap U=U(k)$; thus, $\sO_{X(k)}|_{U\cap X(k)}=\sO_{U(k)}$. Hence, it suffices to show the claim for $X$ affine. (Quasi-compactness of $X(k)$ would also follow, since a finite affine covering $X=U_1\cup\dots\cup U_n$ would induce a finite affine covering $X(k)=U_1(k)\cup\dots\cup U_n(k)$, i.e., $X(k)$ is a finite union of Noetherian topological spaces; hence, Noetherian; hence, quasi-compact.)

First, I would like to make the following two observations: Let $I,\mathfrak{m}\subset k[x_1,\dots,x_n]$ be ideals.

1. If the unique $k$-algebra morphism $\varphi:k\to k[x_1,\dots,x_n]/\mathfrak{m}$ is an isomorphism, then necessarily $\mathfrak{m}=(x_1-a_1,\dots,x_n-a_n)$, for some $(a_1,\dots,a_n)\in k^n$ (contemplate the composite map $\psi:k[x_1,\dots,x_n]\to k[x_1,\dots,x_n]/\mathfrak{m}\xrightarrow{\varphi^{-1}} k$, which is an onto $k$-algebra morphism, and consider $a_i=\psi(x_i)$).

2. For $a=(a_1,\dots,a_n)\in k^n$, it holds $I\subset (x_1-a_1,\dots,x_n-a_n)$ if and only if $a\in V(I)$ (use that $I(a)=(x_1-a_1,\dots,x_n-a_n)$, which is always true).

Denote $A=k[x_1,\dots,x_n]/I$, where $I$ is a radical ideal and suppose then $X=\Spec A$. The previous two observations imply that $X(k)\cong V(I)$ as sets. It is also not difficult to see that this bijection promotes to a homeomorphism (use observation 2 to see that for an ideal $J\subset k[x_1,\dots,x_n]/I$, the closed set $X(k)\cap V(J)$ of $X(k)$ is sent to the vanishing locus of $J$ inside $V(I)$). Finally, we tackle the structure sheaf of $X(k)$. Denote $\sO_{V(I)}$ to the structure sheaf of $V(I)$ (the sheaf of regular functions on this algebraic set). We want to show that $\sO_{X(k)}\cong\sO_{V(I)}$ via the previous homeomorphism $X(k)\cong V(I)$. Let $U\subset X$ be open. By definition, a section $s\in \sO_{X(k)}(U\cap X(k))$ is a continuous lifting of the inclusion $U\cap X(k)\to X$ to the projection $|\sO_X|\to X$ (where $|\sO_X|$ is the étale space of $\sO_X$) i.e., a continuous map $s:U\cap X(k)\to |\sO_X|$ that makes the triangle commute. Equivalently, $s$ is a lifting such that for all $f\in A$ and all sections $t=g/f^n\in\sO_X(D(f))=A[f^{-1}]$, the set $W=s^{-1}(\operatorname{Im}\dot{t})$ is open, where $\dot{t}:D(f)\to|\sO_X|$ is the induced continuous local section. That is, it holds $s(x)=(g/f^n)_x\in\sO_{X,x}$ for all $x\in W$. Since the sets $W$ cover $X(k)$, evaluation $\sO_{X,x}\to\kappa(x)\cong k$ provides us with a morphism $\sO_{X(k)}\to\sO_{V(I)}$.

Here's where I don't know how to continue. I don't know if $\sO_{X(k)}\to\sO_{V(I)}$ will be an isomorphism at all. I have been unable to find a counterexample nor a proof of the fact that it is an iso.

My questions are:

1. Will the morphism $\sO_{X(k)}\to\sO_{V(I)}$ be an iso? If not, what's a counterexample?

2. Is this the correct approach to define $F$? Can such an $F$ be defined at all? Or is there some obstruction I'm not taking into account?

3. Are there any general ways to relate schematic and classical $k$-prevarieties? Or am I looking for something that doesn't exist? My search was motivated for the fact that the set of $k$-rational points of $\mathbb{P}_{k,\mathrm{sch}}^n=\operatorname{Proj}(k[x_0,\dots,x_n])$ equals the classical projective space (regardless of the fact that $k$ is algebraically closed). With the topological construction explained before, it's even a homeomorphism.

R. van Dobben de Bruyn provided a counterexample to question 1 in the comments. Also, I was looking at this and it seems that in order to define $F$ one has to work not with $\spvar_k$ but rather with the full subcategory $\spvar_k'$, whose objects are the schematic prevarieties $X$ such that $X(k)\subset X$ is dense (this doesn't happen in van Dobben de Bruyn's counterexample). However, I don't know how one can exploit this new hypothesis to prove that $\sO_{X(k)}\to\sO_{V(I)}$ becomes an isomorphism (or again, if we should proceed in a different way).