I post this for a friend who currently doesn’t have access to this site. It is about an implication in the last paragraph of the following paper: The topological sphere theorem for complete submanifolds by KATSUHIRO SHIOHAMA and HONGWEI XU Compositio Mathematica 107: 221–232 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1000189116072 The question is about the last sentence: Since $\tilde{M}$ is simply connected, it is also a topological sphere. Why is this true? Is it easy to work out a proof of this by hand ? If not may I ask a reference from which the question simply follows? Sorry if it is a well-known fact in algebraic topology (if so may you point out a reference?) Thanks a lot !