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Carlo Beenakker
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A necessary requirement for a traveling wave $u(x,t)=f(x-ct)$ to be a "solitary wave" or "soliton" is that the two limits $\lim_{s\rightarrow\pm\infty}f(s)=\alpha_\pm$ exist. This is the condition of shape invariance and localisation. The stability under collision may or may not be added as extra condition, but in much of the literature any shape-invariant localised wave is called a soliton. One further distinguishes homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions, depending on whether $\alpha_+$ is equal to $\alpha_-$ or not.

In response to Q2, the waves $u(t,x)=e^{i(x-t)}$ or $u(t,x)=\frac{1}{1-\frac12 e^{i(x-ct)}}$ are no solitons, because they are not localised.

Carlo Beenakker
  • 188.1k
  • 18
  • 448
  • 651