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This sum can be expressed in terms of $2n$-th forward difference: \begin{split} \sum_{k=1}^n (-1)^k\frac{k^{p}}{n+k}\binom{2n-1}{n-k} &= \frac1{2n} \sum_{k=1}^n (-1)^k k^{p} \binom{2n}{n+k} \\ &\mathop{=}_{p\ \text{even}}\frac{(-1)^n}{4n} \sum_{k=0}^{2n} (-1)^k (k-n)^{p} \binom{2n}{k} \\ &=\frac{(-1)^n}{4n}\left.\Delta^{2n}x^p\right|_{x=-n}, \end{split} which is zero for $p<2n$.