No. Suppose you do have such an algorithm. Consider adding the numbers .2222... and .7777... Your algorithm should output the first digit of the result after reading only finitely many digits of each number. That digit could be 0 or 9, depending on whether the algorithm thinks the sum is 1.0000... or .9999... Let's say the algorithm never read past the n-th digit of either number. Then the algorithm will return the same answer on any input which agrees with .2222... and .7777... up to the n-th digit. Then, it is easy to change the (n+1)-th digit of each number so that the answer is incorrect for the new numbers. (If the answer was 0, change both (n+1)-th digits to 0; if the answer was 9, change both (n+1)-th digits to 9.)

For this reason, it is preferable to use a different representation of computable numbers. What is most commonly used are rapidly convergent Cauchy sequences of rationals. There are various ways to formalize these. A common one is to use extended binary representations where the bits -1,0,1 are allowed. Another (very uncommon) one is to use extended decimal representations where the digits 0,1,2,...,9, and 10 are allowed. This fixes the above problem since you can't go wrong by returning the first digit 10 as the answer to the sum of .2222... and .7777... This technique is known as "using nails" in practical implementations of high-precision arithmetic.