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Actually, the definition you gave in the post differs from the one in the book. First of all, you should apply $\iota$, where $\iota(\varphi)(x)=\varphi(-x)$, after the inverse Fourier transform. Secondly, $\varphi$ should lie in $\mathcal S(\mathbb Z^n)$, not in $C^\infty(\mathbb T^n)$, since the $\mathcal F_{\mathbb T^n}$ maps the second of these spaces into the first, so for $\varphi\in C^\infty(\mathbb T^n)$ the expression $\mathcal F_{\mathbb T^n}^{-1}\varphi$ is undefined, as you correctly noticed. So, the correct formula would be $$ \langle\mathcal F_{\mathbb T^n}u,\varphi \rangle=\langle u,\iota\,\circ\,\mathcal F_{\mathbb T^n}^{-1}\varphi \rangle. $$