Every curve on $X$ is algebraically equivalent to a curve defined over a finite extension of $K$, and then a union of Galois conjugates will be defined over $K$. So, if you allow reducible curves, then the answer is yes.
Added: The intersection product is Galois invariant.
For a nonperfect field $k$ and a divisor $D$ defined over a purely inseparable extension of $k$ of degree $p^m$, the divisor $p^m D$ is defined over $k$.
Regard $D$ as the Cartier divisor defined by a family of pairs $(f_{i},U_{i}^{\prime})$, $f_{i}\in k^{\prime}(X)$, and let $U_{i}$ be the image of $U_{i}^{\prime}$ in $X$; then $k^{\prime}(X)^{p^{m}}\subset k(X)$, and so the pairs $(f_{i}% ^{p^{m}},U_{i})$ define a divisor on $X$ whose inverse image on $X_{k^{\prime}}$ is $p^{m}D$.