On the other side of the war, Teichmüller did some of his best work during World War II. According to the MacTutor biography, he volunteered to serve on the Eastern Front in 1943 and got killed. My impression, then, is that his Nazi fanaticism was a crime against his own mathematical career as well as against other mathematicians.
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umlaut; when I did the edit the question was on top of the page already
Greg Kuperberg
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