The problem to determine whether two 4-manifolds, given as simplicial complexes, are homeomorphic. This was shown to be undecidable by Markov. (Some theories of physics involve a sum over such manifolds, one additive term for each homeomorphism class, and this lead to speculation that physics was noncomputable in some sense [Geroch and Hartle 1986]. I am not sure what the current status of that is.)