A general (logarithmic) Kodaira-Akizuki-Nakano vanishing theorem in characteristic $p$ is proven in $\S$ 11 of
H. Esnault, E. Viehweg: Lectures on vanishing theorems. Notes, grew out of the DMV-seminar on algebraic geometry, held at Reisensburg, October 13-19, 1991, DMV Seminar. 20. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag. 164 p. (1992). ZBL0779.14003,
see in particular Corollary 11.3. The precise statement is the following
Theorem. Let $k$ be a perfect field, let $X$ be a proper smooth $k$-scheme and $D \subset X$ a normal crossing divisor, both admitting a lifting $\tilde{D} \subset \tilde{X}$ to $W_2(k)$.
For $p+q < \mathrm{min}\{\mathrm{char}(k), \, \dim X\}$ and $\mathscr{L}$ ample and invertible, we have $$H^q(X, \, \Omega^p(\log D) \otimes \mathscr{L}^{-1})=0.$$
So you cannot have a counterexample to $(*)$, unless $k$ is not perfect or the pair $(X, \, D)$ does not lift to the ring of Witt vectors. I guess that counterexamples in the last case could be obtained by using the same strategy of Reynaud's famous counterexample for Kodaira vanishing in positive characteristic (see the reference below), but unfortunately I do not know any of them.
M. Raynaud: Contre-exemple au ''vanishing theorem” en caracteristique $p>0$, C.P. Ramanujam. - A tribute. Collect. Publ. of C.P. Ramanujam and Pap. in his Mem., Tata Inst. fundam. Res., Stud. Math. 8, 273-278 (1978). ZBL0441.14006.