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Peter May
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Of course, classically, a subdivision of a simplicial complex K is defined to be a simplicial complex L such that each simplex of L is contained in a simplex of K and each simplex of K is the union of finitely many simplices of L, and we can ask for a functorial version. I don't know of a published analog for simplicial sets. It might be something like a functor Sd on the category of simplicial sets (maybe required to be induced from a functor from the simplicial category $\Delta$ to itself) together with a natural homeomorphism |Sd X| \to |X|$. Certainly there are known examples. Segal's paper "Configuration spaces and iterated loop spaces'' introduces edgewise subdivision, and the first section of the paper "The cyclotomic trace and algebraic K-theory of spaces'' by B"okstedt, Hsiang, and Madsen defines and exploits a variant of Segal's construction. Tim, I leave it to you to see whether or not that suits your needs.

Peter May
  • 30.4k
  • 3
  • 96
  • 140