It's a bit hard to give a comprehensive answer without knowing exactly what sort of properties you are after, but here is a start. Such graphs are called uniquely colorable graphs (see here and here). For the case of two colors they are characterized as the connected bipartite graphs, but for higher numbers of colors no such characterization is known.
In a uniquely $k$-colorable graph of $n$ vertices, the number of edges is at least $(k-1)n-\binom{k}{2}$, but otherwise they don't have to be extremely dense as your examples suggest. In fact for any $n$ there exist graphs with $n$ vertices that are uniquely 3-colorable and have no triangles.