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Aaron Meyerowitz
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I think that is it.

Your first example is the case $m=4$ of $S_{n,m}=2^m$ for $n \leq m$ while $S_{m+1,m}=2^{m+1}-1$ and also $S_{2m+1,m}=2^m.$

The celebrated $(23,12,7)-$Golay code would be impossible without the fact that $S_{23,3}=2^{11}.$ If I'm not mistaken, the fact that the Golay code and the binary Hamming codes are the only perfect binary codes follows from a proof that there are no other non-trivial cases of $S_{n,m}$ a power of $2.$

For a perfect $k$-ary code it would be necessary to have a case of $\sum_1^m\binom{n}{i}(k-1)^i=k^j.$ You were asking about $k=2.$ There is a perfect $(11,6,5)$ $3$-ary code which would not be possible except that $\binom{11}0+2\binom{11}1+4\binom{11}2=3^5.$

There are no other perfect linear $k$-ary codes. I'm not sure if the proof stems from having no other coincidences as above, at least for $k$ a prime power.

Aaron Meyerowitz
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