The <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Concept_Inventory">FCI</A> is a "concept inventory" test for classical mechanics. There exist several such tests for mathematics. Some may be implemented as "peer instruction" (as Eric Mazur advocates), but they can also be taken individually.

One example is the <A HREF="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40753-016-0030-5">Function Concept Inventory</A> test, designed to investigate undergraduate students’ understanding of the concept of function.

Another is the <A HREF="https://www.physport.org/assessments/assessment.cfm?A=PCA">Precalculus Concept Assessment</A> to "assess essential knowledge that mathematics education research has revealed to be foundational for students’ learning and understanding of the central ideas of beginning calculus."

A third is the <A HREF="https://www.ams.org/notices/201308/rnoti-p1018.pdf">Calculus
Concept Inventory</A>, to assess "the most basic principles of differential calculus".

A fourth is the <A HREF="http://sigmaa.maa.org/rume/crume2018/Abstracts_Files/Submissions/75_Development_of_the_Elementary_Algebra_Concept_Inventory_for_the_College_Context.pdf">Elementary Algebra Concept Inventory.</A>