I want to ask about the observability inequality for the heat equation ( internal control), we consider the backward heat equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions: \begin{array}{c} \varphi _{t}+\Delta \varphi =0\text{ in }\Omega \times (0,T) \\ \varphi =0\text{ on } \partial \text{}\Omega \times (0,T)\text{} \\ \varphi (T)=\varphi _{T}\text{ }% \end{array} The observability inequality in some books is given by: $$ \left\Vert \varphi (0)\right\Vert ^{2}\geq c\int_{\omega }\int_{0}^{T}\varphi (x,t)dtdx $$ and some times $$\left\Vert \varphi (T)\right\Vert ^{2}\geq c\int_{\omega }\int_{0}^{T}\varphi (x,t)dtdx$$ and $$\int_{\omega }\int_{T/4}^{3T/4}\varphi (x,t)dtdx\geq c\int_{\omega }\int_{0}^{T}\varphi (x,t)dtdx$$ To passe from the first to the second I guess that they made the substitution $s=T-t$, however, for the third it comes from the golobal Carleman estimates but I can not see the equivalence between them. Thank you.