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Qiaochu Yuan
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This is as simple as I can get it. I'll assume we're talking about complex functions; if real, tensor with $\mathbb{C}$. Now pass to the units. With the topology given by spectral radius (this is an algebraic description of the C-* topology), the group of connected components of the group of units is $H^1(X, \mathbb{Z})$ which of course knows the genus.

Qiaochu Yuan
  • 118.2k
  • 40
  • 447
  • 741