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Of course you can. In the Chern-Simons approach of Witten's you can get knot polynomials for any compact simple Lie group. (In fact, Chern-Simons theory for noncompact Lie groups is still not well-understood despite continuing progress, reviewed in a very recent paper of Witten's.) In fact, the knot polynomial associated to $\mathfrak{so}(3)$ is the Jones polynomial.