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Cohomology and fundamental classes

Given an oriented manifold $M$ and an oriented submanifold $\phi:N\to M$ we can obtain a homology class $\phi_*[N]\in H_*(M)$ where $[N]$ is the fundamental class of $N$. In general, it is not true that every homology class of $M$ can be represented by a submanifold in this manner, however for some special cases it is.

For example, for $M$ an oriented (and closed maybe?) 4-manifold every homology class can be represented by a submanifold. Another example is when $M$ an Euclidean configuration space.

My questions are:

1. Under what circumstances can every homology class of $M$ be represented by a submanifold and

2. What are some examples of manifolds who have homology classes not representable in this manner?