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![Lunes][1]
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I believe this is what vlsd must mean by "the intersection of the three lunes."
While I'm posting this clarifying (I hope!) image, I'll risk a heuristic argument
to support
why I think it is "possible to cover the entire sphere using this method":

(1) A region on the sphere is only a fixed point with respect to reflection in the
three planes if the three great circles meet in one point.  For example,
a geodesic equilateral triangle is symmetric with respect to three circles meeting
at its centroid, and would be fixed w.r.t. reflection in those three planes.
In other words, a shape can only be fixed w.r.t. to three lines of reflection if
those lines meet in a point.
I assume that vlsd would exclude this degenerate situation
(else the three-lune intersection is a point).

(2) Since the region is not a fixed point w.r.t. reflections (if (1) is correct),
the only way the process could
avoid covering the sphere is if repeated reflections and unions approached a limit shape.
But the displacement of points in the reflecting region is lower-bounded by some function of the smallest angle between
the planes, so I do not believe this can occur.

I am aware this is not a precise argument!


  [1]: https://i.sstatic.net/QtPeo.jpg