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Given a class of structures equipped with a product $(K, \times)$, the question of whether $X^3 \cong X \implies X^2 \cong X$ holds for every $X \in K$ is sometimes called the *cube problem* for $K$, and if it has a positive answer then $K$ is said to have the *cube property*. For the question to be nontrivial there need to be infinite structures $X \in K$ that are isomorphic to $X^3$. If there are such structures, it is usually possible to find one that witnesses the failure of the cube property for $K$, that is, an $X \in K$ such that $X \cong X^3$ but $X \not\cong X^2$. On the other hand, in rare cases the cube property does hold nontrivially. 

I worked on the cube problem for the class of linear orders under the lexicographical product, and while doing so had a chance to look into the history of the problem for other classes of structures. The following list contains most of the results that I am aware of. 

**When the cube property fails**

-- As far as I know, the first result concerning the failure of the cube property is due to Hanf, who showed in [1] that there exists a Boolean algebra $B$ isomorphic to $B^3$ but not $B^2$. Hanf's example is of size $2^{\aleph_0}$. 

-- Tarski [2] and Jónsson [3] adapted Hanf's result to get examples showing the failure of the cube property for the class of semigroups, the class of groups, the class of rings, as well as other classes of algebraic structures. Most of their examples are also of size continuum. 

It was unknown for some time after these results were published whether there exist countable examples witnessing the failure of the cube property for these various classes. Especially famous was the so-called "Tarski cube problem," which asked whether there exists a countable Boolean algebra isomorphic to its cube but not its square. 

-- As Tom Leinster answered, Corner [4] showed, by a very different route, that indeed there exists a countable abelian group isomorphic to its cube but not its square. Later, Jones [5] constructed a *finitely generated* (necessarily non-abelian) group isomorphic to its cube but not its square.

-- Around the same time as Corner's result, several authors [6, 7] showed that there exist modules over certain rings isomorphic to their cubes but not their squares.

-- As Asher Kach answered, Tarski's cube problem was eventually solved by Ketonen, who showed in [8] that there does exist a countable Boolean algebra isomorphic to its cube but not its square. 	

Ketonen's result is actually far more general. Let $(BA, \times)$ denote the class of countable Boolean algebras under the direct product. If $(S, \cdot)$ is a semigroup, then $S$ is said to be represented in $(BA, \times)$ if there exists a map $i: S \rightarrow BA$ such that $i(a \cdot b) \cong i(a) \times i(b)$ and $a \neq b$ implies $i(a) \not\cong i(b)$. The statement that there exists a countable Boolean algebra isomorphic to its cube but not its square is equivalent to the statement that $\mathbb{Z}_2$ can be represented in $(BA, \times)$. Ketonen showed that *every* countable commutative semigroup can be represented in $(BA, \times)$. 

-- Beginning in the 1970s, examples began to appear showing the failure of the cube property for various classes of relational structures. For example, Koubek, Nešetril, and Rödl showed that the cube property fails for the class of partial orders, as well as many other classes of relational structures in their paper [9].

-- Throughout the 70s and 80s, Trnková and her collaborators showed the failure of the cube property for a vast array of topological and relational classes of structures. Like Ketonen's result, her results are typically much more general. 

Her topological results are summarized in [10], and references are given there. Some highlights:

 - There exists a compact metric space $X$ homeomorphic to $X^3$ but not
   $X^2$. More generally, every finite abelian group can be represented
   in the class of compact metric spaces.
 - Every finite abelian group can be represented in the class of
   separable, compact, Hausdorff, 0-dimensional spaces.
 - Every countable commutative semigroup can be represented in the class
   of countable paracompact spaces.
 - Every countable commutative semigroup can be represented in the class
   of countable Hausdorff spaces.

Her relational results mostly concern showing the failure of the cube property for the class of graphs. For example:

 - Every commutative semigroup can be represented in $(K, \times)$,
   where $K$ is the class of graphs and $\times$ can be taken to be the
   tensor (categorical) product, the cartesian product, or the strong
   product [11].
 - There exists a *connected* graph $G$ isomorphic to $G \times G \times
   G$ but not $G \times G$, where $\times$ can be taken to be the tensor
   product, or strong product. As of 1984, it was unknown whether
   $\times$ could be the cartesian product [12].

--Answering a question of Trnková, Orsatti and Rodino showed that there is even a *connected* topological space homeomorphic to its cube but not its square [13]. 

--More recently, as Bill Johnson answered, Gowers showed that there exists a Banach space linearly homeomorphic to its cube but not its square [14]. 

--Eklof and Shelah constructed in [15] an $\aleph_1$-separable group $G$ isomorphic to $G^3$ but not $G^2$, answering a question in ZFC that had previously only been answered under extra set theoretic hypotheses. 

--Eklof revisited the cube problem for modules in [16].


**When the cube property holds** 

There are rare instances when the cube property holds nontrivially.

-- It holds for the class of sets under the cartesian product: any set in bijection with its cube is either infinite, empty, or a singleton, and hence in bijection with its square. This can be proved easily using the Schroeder-Bernstein theorem, and thus holds even in the absence of choice.

-- Also easily, it also holds for the class of vector spaces over a given field.

-- Less trivially, it holds for the class of $\sigma$-complete Boolean algebras, since there is a Schroeder-Bernstein theorem for such algebras.

-- Trnková  showed in [17] that the cube property holds for the class of countable metrizable spaces (where isomorphism means homeomorphism), and in [18] that it holds for the class of closed subspaces of Cantor space. The cube property fails for the class of $F_{\sigma \delta}$ subspaces of Cantor space. It is unknown if it holds or fails for $F_{\sigma}$ subspaces of Cantor space. See [10].

-- Koubek, Nešetril, and Rödl showed in [9] that the cube property holds for the class of equivalence relations. 

-- I recently showed that the cube property holds for the class of linear orders under the lexicographical product. (My paper is [here][19]. See also [this MO answer][20].)

A theme that comes out of the proofs of these results is that when the cube property holds nontrivially, usually some version of the Schroeder-Bernstein theorem is in play. 

*References*:

 1. <cite authors="William Hanf" mrnumber="108451" cite="_Math. Scand._ **5** (1957), 205--217">_William Hanf_, MR 108451 [**On some fundamental problems concerning isomorphism of Boolean algebras**](http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=108451), _Math. Scand._ **5** (1957), 205--217.</cite>
 2. <cite authors="Alfred Tarski" mrnumber="108452" cite="_Math. Scand._ **5** (1957), 218--223">_Alfred Tarski_, MR 108452 [**Remarks on direct products of commutative semigroups**](http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=108452), _Math. Scand._ **5** (1957), 218--223.</cite>
 3. <cite authors="Bjarni Jónsson" mrnumber="108453" cite="_Math. Scand._ **5** (1957), 224--229">_Bjarni Jónsson_, MR 108453 [**On isomorphism types of groups and other algebraic systems**](http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=108453), _Math. Scand._ **5** (1957), 224--229.</cite>
 4. *Corner, A. L. S.*, "On a conjecture of Pierce concerning direct decompositions of Abelian groups." Proc. Colloq. Abelian Groups. 1964.
 5. *Jones, JM Tyrer,* "On isomorphisms of direct powers." Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics 95 (1980): 215-245.
 6. <cite authors="P. M. Cohn" mrnumber="197511" cite="_Topology_ **5** (1966), 215--228">_P. M. Cohn_, MR 197511 [**Some remarks on the invariant basis property**](http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=197511), _Topology_ **5** (1966), 215--228.</cite>
 7. <cite authors="W. G. Leavitt" mrnumber="132764" cite="_Trans. Amer. Math. Soc._ **103** (1962), 113--130">_W. G. Leavitt_, MR 132764 [**The module type of a ring**](http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=132764), _Trans. Amer. Math. Soc._ **103** (1962), 113--130.</cite>
 8. <cite authors="Jussi Ketonen" mrnumber="491391" cite="_Ann. of Math. (2)_ **108** (1978), no. 1, 41--89">_Jussi Ketonen_, MR 491391 [**The structure of countable Boolean algebras**](http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=491391), _Ann. of Math. (2)_ **108** (1978), no. 1, 41--89.</cite>
 9. <cite authors="V. Koubek, J. Nešetril, and V. Rödl" mrnumber="357669" cite="_Algebra Universalis_ **4** (1974), 336--341">_V. Koubek, J. Nešetril, and V. Rödl_, MR 357669 [**Representing of groups and semigroups by products in categories of relations**](http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=357669), _Algebra Universalis_ **4** (1974), 336--341.</cite>
 10. <cite authors="Vera Trnková" mrnumber="2380275" cite="_Topology Appl._ **155** (2008), no. 4, 362--373">_Vera Trnková_, MR 2380275 [**Categorical aspects are useful for topology—after 30 years**](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2007.09.008), _Topology Appl._ **155** (2008), no. 4, 362--373.</cite>
 11. *Trnková, Věra, and Václav Koubek*, "[**Isomorphisms of products of infinite graphs**](https://dml.cz/handle/10338.dmlcz/105881)." Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae 19.4 (1978): 639-652.
 12. *Trnková, Věra*, "[**Isomorphisms of products of infinite connected graphs**](https://dml.cz/handle/10338.dmlcz/106303)." Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae 25.2 (1984): 303-317.
 13. <cite authors="A. Orsatti and N. Rodinò" mrnumber="858335" cite="_Topology Appl._ **23** (1986), no. 3, 271--277">_A. Orsatti and N. Rodinò_, MR 858335 [**Homeomorphisms between finite powers of topological spaces**](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-8641(85)90044-6), _Topology Appl._ **23** (1986), no. 3, 271--277.</cite>
 14. <cite authors="W. T. Gowers" mrnumber="1374409" cite="_Bull. London Math. Soc._ **28** (1996), no. 3, 297--304">_W. T. Gowers_, MR 1374409 [**A solution to the Schroeder-Bernstein problem for Banach spaces**](http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/blms/28.3.297), _Bull. London Math. Soc._ **28** (1996), no. 3, 297--304.</cite>
 15. <cite authors="Paul C. Eklof and Saharon Shelah" mrnumber="1485469" cite="_Proc. Amer. Math. Soc._ **126** (1998), no. 7, 1901--1907">_Paul C. Eklof and Saharon Shelah_, MR 1485469 [**The Kaplansky test problems for $\aleph_1$-separable groups**](http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9939-98-04749-2), _Proc. Amer. Math. Soc._ **126** (1998), no. 7, 1901--1907.</cite>
 16. *Eklof, Paul C.*, "Modules with strange decomposition properties." Infinite Length Modules. Birkhäuser Basel, 2000. 75-87.
 17. *Trnková, Věra*, "[**Homeomorphisms of powers of metric spaces**](https://dml.cz/handle/10338.dmlcz/105976)." Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae 21.1 (1980): 41-53.
 18. <cite authors="Vera Trnková" mrnumber="580990" cite="_Proc. Amer. Math. Soc._ **80** (1980), no. 3, 389--392">_Vera Trnková_, MR 580990 [**Isomorphisms of sums of countable Boolean algebras**](http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2043725), _Proc. Amer. Math. Soc._ **80** (1980), no. 3, 389--392.</cite>


  [19]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.07872
  [20]: https://mathoverflow.net/questions/149117/an-order-type-tau-equal-to-its-power-taun-n2/149719#149719