Rough answer : almost all small dims can appear, there are some restrictions to large dims.
For example, considering 1 matrix all dims between 1 and n appear. Taking centralizers of these all numbers of the form sum a_i^2 where a is a partition of n appear.
In general, consider k-tuples of positive integers a and b such that their scalar product a.b=n (a should be thought of as the Morita setting, b as the matrix-sizes of the semi-simple part of the subalgebra), then any number of the form
sum b_i^2 + subsum b_ib_j
is possible (here 'subsum' means that one takes all terms b_xb_y for all x,y in a substring 1<=i_1<i_2<...<i_l<=k for any 0<=l<=k)
There are some obvious restriction wrt large dimensions. For example, there cannot be an 8-dml subalgebra of 3x3 matrices as its semi-simple part can be at most C x M_2(C) and so its dimension must be smaller or equal to 7. For general n there cannot be subalgebras with dimensions between the dim of the largest parabolic subgroup of GL(n) and n^2.