I think at the very least you should require that $d_i \leq 1$ even if this is not clear from the literature.
If you don't require that $d_i \leq 1$, then lots of things don't work.
Problems with the given definition
- The definition of log canonical you gave is not independent of the choice of resolution.
Let me give an example. Set $X = \mathbb{A}^2$ and let $D = 3 \text{div}(x)$. Then $(X, D)$ is its own log resolution and so using your definition, the $b_j$'s are all zero and so this pair is log canonical. However, if $Y \to X$ is the blowup of the origin, then there is one exceptional divisor $E$ and $E$'s coefficient in $K_Y - f^*(K_X + D)$ is equal to $1-3 = -2$.
If you require that your condition holds for all log resolutions (or even all birational maps $f : Y \to X$ with $Y$ normal) then that implicitly guarantees that the coefficients of $d_i$ are all $\leq 1$. Just blow up the points on $D_i$ with coefficients $> 1$ repeatedly. Note that in Kollár-Mori, they do require all resolutions / valuations.
One really wants to say that $(X, D)$ is log canonical if and only if $(Y, -K_Y + \pi^*(K_X + D))$ is log canonical for any proper birational map $f : Y \to X$ with $Y$ normal. This also guarantees that $d_i \leq 1$.
You need both $d_i \leq 1$ and $d_i \geq 0$ in order to guarantee the Kodaira-type vanishing theorems you rely on. For instance, if $(X, D)$ is LC and if $L$ is a line bundle such that $L-K_X-D$ is ample, then $H^i(X, L) = 0$ for $i > 0$ if your $d_i$ are in $[0, 1]$.
An alternate definition
Let me say that I prefer a slightly different way to setup the definition. Write
$$K_Y = f^*(K_X + D) + \sum_j b_j E_j$$
without subtracting off the strict transform.
First notice that this means that some of the $E_j$ will be non-exceptional (that's totally ok). Then
Definition $(X, D)$ is log canonical if the $b_j \geq -1$. $(X, D)$ is KLT if the $b_j > -1$.
This definition then directly forces the $d_j \leq 1$ (respectively $d_j < 1$ for KLT). Setup this way, everything is completely independent of the choice of resolution.
Note that I didn't require that the $d_j \geq 0$ (this depends on the application, but based on 3. above, it might be reasonable to allow negative $d_i$ in the definitions. I should note that allowing negative $d_i$ is probably slightly more problematic for LC than it is for KLT, but I've written enough already).
DLT and ?LT singularities
Note that DLT singularities are a bit different (and then the $d_i$ are assumed $\leq 1$). Then they are setup not to be independent of the choice of resolution. See the recent book by Kollár and Kovács on singularities for a discussion of what kind of ``resolutions'' DLT are independent of (or think about Szabo's characterization of DLT singularities).
There are other notions of log terminal in the literature too, which make other weaker requirements about requiring things for all or some resolutions (for instance, weakly log terminal).