EDITED. I use the definition of "elementary function" of Liouville and Ritt (also repeated in Wikipedia). See Ritt's papers in TAMS 25 (1923) 211-222, and
TAMS 27 (1925) 68-90. This definition includes the analytic continuation through removable singularities. These elementary functions are analytic and can be multi-valued. Of course, other definitions are possible, and the answer will depend on the definition. Your new definition of "elementary functions" is close to the classes
of "elementary functions" and 
"naive elementary functions", defined by Laczkovich and Ruzsa except that they allow all constants in the definition, and you allow only $1$.
The difference between their classes is in where exactly is
$\arcsin$ defined. So it is important to state a more precise definition.

Ref. M. Laczkovich and I. Ruzsa,  Elementary and integral elementary functions,
Illinois J. Math., 44, 1 (2000) 161-182.

For elementary functions in the sense of Liouville and Ritt, the answer is probably different, depending on what you mean by the limit.
(Existing of a limit as $x\to a$ when $x$ is complex is a much stronger condition then existence of a limit when $x$ is real). 

1. Complex limits. The answer seems to be yes. What follows is a heuristic argument. Elementary functions are analytic, with at most countably many singularities.
So when the finite limit exists, the singularity is removable or a ramification point. Expanding everything in power series (perhaps with fractional powers), we can compute the limit. The coefficients of these power series are elementary constants, because they are expressed in terms of derivatives. So the answer is probably yes, if we mean complex limits. (This is heuristic because singularities can accumulate so one needs more careful argument). 

2. Real limits. The answer seems to be no. Consider a trigonometric sum 
$$f(t)=\sum_{j=1}^n a_j\exp(\lambda_jit),\quad i=\sqrt{-1},$$
and assume that it has no real zeros. Suppose that the $\lambda_j$ are real "elementary constants" but incommensurable. Then $f(t)=r(t)\exp(i\phi(t))$, where $r(t)>0$ and $\phi$ is a well-defined elementary real function (in the sense of Liouville and Ritt). The limit
$$m:=\lim_{t\to+\infty}\phi(t)/t$$ always exists: this is the celebrated Mean Motion Theorem. There is a formula for this limit due to A. Wintner:
$$m=\sum_{j=1}^n\lambda_jW_j,\quad\mbox{where}\quad W_j=\int_{T^n}\Re\frac{a_j\exp(i\theta_j)}{\sum_ka_k\exp(i\theta_k)}d\theta_1\ldots d\theta_n,$$
where $T^n=[0,2\pi]^n$.
These integrals are probably not "elementary constants": they can be expressed 
in Bessel functions. Again, this argument is incomplete, because one has to
prove that the $W_j$ can indeed be "non-elementary" constants. These 
"elementary constants" are discussed in <a href="http://timothychow.net/closedform.pdf">this paper</a>
and the author writes that no single explicit example of non-elementary number is known! We know that they exist only because the set of elementary numbers is countable.

But at least the argument shows that to compute a limit of an elementary function
it is not enough to use such things as l'Hopital rule, one may need to compute definite integrals.

References on the mean motion theorem: S. Sternberg, Celestial Mechanics, Part I, Benjamin, 1969, and on the expression of $W_j$ in Bessel functions: G. Watson, Treatease on Bessel functions, CUP, 1958. Integrals $W_j$ are actually computed in Hartman, Mean motions and almost periodic functions, TAMS 46 (1939) 66-81.