Now that the question has been changed so extensively, the remarks that I made for the old version are no longer of any interest.  Here is what I understand the problem to look like now:

First, $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^2$ is a convex open set in the plane whose boundary is *polygonal*, i.e., a union of line segements or rays that meet at a discrete set of 'corners'.  In what I am going to discuss, these hypotheses seem a bit restrictive.  Most or all of what I have to say would apply if $\Omega$ were simply-connected (and hence contractible) and its boundary $\partial\Omega$ minus a discrete set $C\subset\partial\Omega$ were a union of embedded (smooth) arcs.

Second, we are given a (smooth) function $\lambda>0$ on $\Omega$ that limits to $0$ at every smooth point of $\partial\Omega$.  (We don't further specify the behavior of $\lambda$ near the corner points $C\subset\partial\Omega$.)  We use $\lambda$ to define a metric $g = \lambda\,(\mathrm{d}{x_1}^2+\mathrm{d}{x_2}^2)$.

Then, we ask the following question:  When does there exist a (smooth) foliation $\mathcal{F}$ by curves on an open set in $\mathbb{R}^2$ containing $\Omega\cup (\partial\Omega\setminus C)$ with the following two properties:  First, in the interior of $\Omega$, the leaves of $\mathcal{F}$ are $g$-geodesics.  Second, for each point $p\in \partial\Omega\setminus C$, the boundary of $\Omega$ and the leaf of $\mathcal{F}$ through $p$ meet orthogonally (at $p$).

Here are a few examples:  

1. Let $\Omega$ be the first quadrant, i.e., defined by $x_1>0$ and $x_2>0$.  Then $\partial\Omega$ is the union of two rays, the positive $x_i$-axes, which meet at right angles at the origin (which is the unique corner point).  Let $\lambda = {x_1}^2{x_2}^2({x_1}^2{+}{x_2}^2)$.  Then a solution to the problem is defined by letting $\mathcal{F}$ be the foliation given by the level sets of the function $F = {x_1}^2-{x_2}^2$.

2. Let $\Omega$ be defined by $x_1>0$ and $x_2>{x_1}^2$.  Then $\partial\Omega$ is the union of a ray (the positive $x_2$-axis) and the right half of the parabola $x_2-{x_1}^2=0$. These meet at right angles at the origin (which is the unique corner point).  Let $\lambda = {x_1}^2(x_2{-}{x_1}^2)^2({x_1}^2{+}(x_2{-}3{x_1}^2)^2)$.  Then a solution to the problem is defined by letting $\mathcal{F}$ be the foliation given by the level sets of the function $F = \mathrm{e}^{6x_1}(1-6x_1+18x_2)$.

3. Again, let $\Omega$ be the first quadrant, i.e., defined by $x_1>0$ and $x_2>0$.  Then $\partial\Omega$ is the union of two rays, the positive $x_i$-axes, which meet at right angles at the origin (which is the unique corner point).  Let $\lambda = {x_1}^2{x_2}^2/({x_1}^2{+}{x_2}^2)^{3}$.  Then a solution to the problem is defined by letting $\mathcal{F}$ be the foliation given by the level sets of the function $F = {x_1}^2+{x_2}^2$.  (Some interesting features of this example will be explained below, but note, already, that $\lambda$ does *not* limit to $0$ as one approaches the corner, although it does limit to $0$ as one approaches any smooth boundary point.)

To understand how these examples were constructed and to get an idea of some of the restrictions that the existence of a foliation $\mathcal{F}$ satisfying the two conditions places on the function $\lambda$, suppose that we have a given pair $(\Omega,\lambda)$ satisfying the above conditions and that there exists a foliation $\mathcal{F}$ with the desired properties.

Since $\Omega$ is contractible, we can write $g$ on $\Omega$ in the form $g=\eta_1^2+\eta_2^2$, where $\eta_1$ and $\eta_2$ are $1$-forms and where the leaves of $\mathcal{F}$ are the null curves of $\eta_2$.  Then the condition that these leaves be $g$-geodesics is equivalent to the condition that $\mathrm{d}\eta_1 = 0$.  Since $\Omega$ is simply-connected, there will exist a function $S:\Omega\to\mathbb{R}$, unique up to an additive constant, such that $\mathrm{d}S = \eta_1$.

Write $\mathrm{d}S = S_1\,\mathrm{d}x_1 + S_2\,\mathrm{d}x_2$.  Since $g = \lambda\,({\mathrm{d}x_1}^2+{\mathrm{d}x_2}^2)=\eta_1^2+\eta_2^2$, it follows that $\eta_2 = \pm (S_2\,\mathrm{d}x_1 - S_1\,\mathrm{d}x_2)$, so we have 
$$
g = \bigl(S_1^2+S_2^2\bigr)\,({\mathrm{d}x_1}^2+{\mathrm{d}x_2}^2)
= \lambda\,({\mathrm{d}x_1}^2+{\mathrm{d}x_2}^2).
$$
In other words, $\lambda = \bigl(S_1^2+S_2^2\bigr)$.  From this, it is not difficult to see that $S$ extends continuously to the smooth part of $\partial\Omega$ and is constant on each connected component of the smooth part of the boundary, while it has no critical points within $\Omega$ itself.

Because of the hypothesis that the foliation $\mathcal{F}$ extends smoothly to an open set $U$ containing $\Omega$ and the smooth part of its boundary, it follows that there is a smooth function $\theta:U\to S^1$ such that the leaves of $\mathcal{F}$ in $U$ are the null curves of the smooth $1$-form $\sin\theta\,\mathrm{d}x_1-\cos\theta\,\mathrm{d}x_2$ and so that 
$\eta_2 = \sqrt{\lambda}\bigl(\sin\theta\,\mathrm{d}x_1-\cos\theta\,\mathrm{d}x_2\bigr)$ in $\Omega$, and this extends at least continuously to the smooth part of the boundary of $\Omega$ by extending $\lambda$ to be $0$ on the smooth part.

Conversely, the function $S:\Omega\to\mathbb{R}$ gives enough information to recover both the metric $g$ and the foliation $\mathcal{F}$.  If, as the OP has asked, one has $\lambda$ already specified, then $S$ must satisfy the first-order scalar PDE $|\nabla S|^2 = \lambda$ on $\Omega$ plus the smooth part of the boundary.

Sometimes, such an $S$ exists (as the examples above show, although they were found by starting with a candidate $S$), and sometimes it does not.  I suspect that the OP would like an effectively computable necessary and sufficient condition for a given $\lambda$ to possess an admissable solution $S$, but that is likely to be hard to determine, because it really depends on delicate information about the geodesic flow in $\Omega$ endowed with the metric $g$.

For an example of an definitive condition, suppose that there is a simple closed $g$-geodesic $\gamma$ in $\Omega$.  Then $\gamma$ cannot be a leaf of any geodesic foliation $\mathcal{F}$ of $\Omega$, since the function $S$ that corresponds to $\mathcal{F}$ could not then have a critical point on $\gamma$, which it must.  Thus, $\gamma$ would have to be transverse to all of the leaves of $\mathcal{F}$, and we would then have a foliation of the disk $D\subset\Omega$ bounded by $\gamma$ that is transverse to the boundary of $D$, an obvious impossibility (by degree theory).  (Probably, this argument works even if $\gamma$ is closed but not simple, but I leave that for the interested.)

It is certianly possible to chose an admissable $\lambda$ for which the metric $g$ would have a simple closed geodesic, thus showing that there are $\lambda$ for which there is no $g$-geodesic foliation, and hence no function $S$ with the desired properties.  However, for a given $\lambda$, it is not clear how to tell whether there exists a simple closed $g$-geodesic in $\Omega$.  There are checkable conditions that guarantee one and checkable conditions that forbid one, but the gap between these is large.

I am dubious that an effectively checkable necessary and sufficient condition for the solvability of the problem of given $\lambda$ exists.