Here is a counterexample.
Let $\Bbbk$ be a field and let $A=\Bbbk [x_1,x_2,\ldots]$ be the polynomial ring in countably many variables with its natural grading. Consider the quadratic ideal $I$ generated by $\{x_i x_j,x_i^2-x_j^2\}_{i \neq j}$.
Then $M=A/I$ is an $A$-module with a grading $M=M_0 \oplus M_1 \oplus M_2$, and all submodules of $M$ have a non-zero intersection with the simple socle $\operatorname{Soc} M=M_2$. Therefore $M$ has uniform dimension one.
On the other hand $M/\operatorname{Soc} M$ is isomorphic to $A/\langle A_2 \rangle$ which has an infinite dimensional socle $M_1=A_1$. Therefore $M/\operatorname{Soc} M$ has infinite uniform dimension.