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fixed grammatical errors
Moritz Firsching
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Maybe a term you are looking for is "sparse solutions of underdetermined linear systems". At least this would maybe be a good name for your set $V$. It can be viewed as solution set of the following optimization problem:

$$\min||x||_0 \text{ subject to }Ax=b.$$

where $||\cdot||_0$ counts the number of nonzeros. Then $P(A,b)$ could be called "convex hull of sparse solutions".

References in this direction are for example Donoho and a survey by Lai.

Moritz Firsching
  • 10.7k
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  • 63
  • 88