This question is related to question 92206 "What properties make $[0, 1]$ a good candidate for defining fundamental groups?" but is not exactly equivalent in my opinion. It is even suggested in one of the answers to 92206 that "there is nothing fundamental about the unit interval," but i would like to know what is fundamental about the unit interval. I have learned some answers from the answers to 92206, but i wonder if there is more.

I am mostly interested in its significance for the study of Hausdorff compacts (metrizability, Urysohn's lemma).

I have some ideas and have asked already on Math.StackExchange, but decided to duplicate here.

One purely topological way to define $[0, 1]$ up to homeomorphism would be to define path connectedness first: $x_1$ and $x_2$ are connected by a path in a topological space $X$ if for every Hausdorff compact $C$ and $a,b\in C$, there is a continuous $f\colon C\to X$ such that $f(a)=x_1$ and $f(b)=x_2$. Then it can be said that in every Hausdorff space $X$ with $x_1$ and $x_2$ connected by a path, every minimal subspace in which $x_1$ and $x_2$ are still connected by a path is homeomorphic to $[0, 1]$.

Maybe in some sense it can be said that $[0, 1]$ is the "minimal" Hausdorff space $X$ such that every Hausdorff compact embeds into $X^N$ for some $N$, but i do not know if this can be made precise.

In one of the answers to 92206 it was stated that $([0, 1], 0, 1)$ is a terminal object in the category of bipointed spaces equipped with the operation of "concatenation." This is the kind of answers i am interested in. As 92206 was concerned mostly with the fundamental group and tagged only with [at.algebraic-topology] and [homotopy-theory], i am asking this general topological question separately.

Update. Related question: "Topological Characterisation of the real line".