Any topological group of the form $K\cong H_0\times U(1)^k$ (with $H_0$ finite and $k$ a positive integer) is a closed subgroup of $U(1)^h$ (for some positive integer $h\geq k$). Furthermore, all the closed subgroups of $U(1)^h$ are of this form.
The proof is an easy application of the Pontryagin-Van Kapen duality. In fact, such groups are the duals of the finitely generated Abelian groups (which are quotients of $\mathbb Z^h$). It is well known that such groups are of the form $F\times \mathbb Z^k$ (with $F$ a finite group).
To find a general form for a compact abelian group is as difficult as giving a structure theorem for discrete abelian group (which is known to be quite a difficult, and fairly open, problem in general, even if there are nice results for countable torsion groups).