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Peter May
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Vandiver's conjecture (about class numbers) can be tackled through algebraic $K$-theory, which is defined via algebraic topology: the conjecture is equivalent to $K_n(\mathbb{Z}) =0$ when $n$ is a multiple of $4$. But that is a really hard problem.

Peter May
  • 30.4k
  • 3
  • 96
  • 140