In my opinion, high performance computing focuses more on the efficiency of computing, especially in the area of scientific computing. So the C with high performance is undisputed a good choice.
Moreover, in parallel computing which is a branch of high performance computing, whose enviroment is Linux terminal, programmers should deal with much more details of the data transfering and allocation by using MPI library which is more convenient implemented by C or Fortran.
From my view point, especially in parallel programming, high performance computing is still at the status of developing and exploring. And a lot of details need to be dealt with including the standard, mechanism,abstract model of the parallel programming.(I think maybe the MPI is not the appropriate approach to describing parallel programming ultimately but is a good way nowadays.)
When people make them clear, I think the modern programming languages as you described will be adopted generally in high performance computing.