Regarding the "*what is happening in the super case*"; yes i agree that in some sense, it has to do with the odd simple roots but i think it is deeper than that:  
In the case of semisimple, complex, Lie algebras, every reducible representation is completely reducible. However, this result is not true for the basic, classical, simple, complex, Lie superalgebras (BCSCLS for short). One might hope that the reducible reps which are not completely reducible constitute somewhat exceptional cases; however this is not true either. This situation, has led to distinguishing the graded, irreducible reprepesentations of BCSCLS into two classes: the *typical* and the *atypical* ones, by means of the following definition: 
>An irreducible, graded rep $V(\Lambda)$ of a BCSCLS, $L_s$, with highest weight $\Lambda$, is defined to be **typical**, if any reducible, graded, rep of $L_s$ with highest weight $\Lambda$, can be written as a direct sum of $V(\Lambda)$ with some other graded rep of $L_s$.  
An irreducible, graded rep which is not typical, is defined to be **atypical**.  

The above definition implies that if $V(\Lambda)$ is an atypical graded representation of $L_s$ with highest weight $\Lambda$, then there exists at least one graded, reducible representation of $L_s$ with highest weight $\Lambda$, that is not completely reducible.  
V. G. Kac, has shown the following theorem:  
>An irreducible, graded representation of a BCSCLS, with highest weight $\Lambda$, is atypical if and only if
$$
(\Lambda+\rho,\alpha)=0
$$
for some positive root $\alpha \in \bar{\Delta}_1^{+}$. 

For the proof see: 

 - [Representations of classical lie superalgebras][1] (see Theorem 1, p. 615-616), 
 - [Characters of typical representations of classical lie superalgebras][2]

The condition $(\Lambda+\rho,\alpha)=(\Lambda+\rho)(\alpha) \ne 0$, $\forall\, \alpha \in \bar{\Delta}_1^{+}$ you are refering to, is essentially the "translation" of the verbal description of typicality provided in the first paragraph of the OP. 

For some more references, you can find a sketch of these results on [Dictionary on Lie superalgebras][3], by Frappat, Sorba and Sciarrino, section 39, p. 58-59.  

Furthermore, the character formula for the *singly atypical* representations of the LS $A(m,n)$ and $C(n+1)$, is provided in section 7, p. 11–12 of the same reference. For more details see: 

 - [A character formula for singly atypical modules of the lie superalgebra sl(m/n)][4], 
 - [Character formulas for irreducible modules of the Lie superalgebras sl(m/n)][5], 
 - [Dimension formulas for the Lie superalgebra sl(m/n)][6]

 


  [1]: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/BFb0063691
  [2]: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00927877708822201
  [3]: https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9607161
  [4]: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00927879008824086
  [5]: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.528637
  [6]: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.531325