$\newcommand\an{\lfloor a n \rfloor}$
Let $a:=\alpha\in(0,1)$. By induction on $m=0,1,\dots$, 
$$\sum_{k=0}^m \binom nk(-1)^k\Big(1-\frac k{a n}\Big) \\ 
=(-1)^{m+1} (a+m-a n)\frac{m+1}{an (n-1)}\,\binom n{m+1}.$$
So, letting $S_n$ denote the sum in question, we have 
$$S_n\sim(-1)^{\lfloor a n \rfloor+1}(a-\{a n\}) \,M_n,$$
where $\{a n\}$ is the fractional part of $a n$ and 
$$M_n:=\frac1n\,\binom n{\an+1}.$$ 
Let now $n\to\infty$. Depending on the arithmetical properties of $a$, the factor $(-1)^{\lfloor a n \rfloor+1}$ will alternate between $1$ and $-1$ and the factor $a-\{na\}$ will oscillate between $a-1<0$ and $a>0$, whereas  $M_n\to\infty$, since eventually, for all large enough $n$, we have $\binom n{\an+1}\ge\min[\binom n2,\binom n{n-2}]=n(n-1)/2$. So, the sum $S_n$ will not converge to any limit.  

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For an illustration, here are the connected graphs $\{(n,c_a^n n^{3/2}\,S_n)\colon n=1,\dots,100\}$ for $a=1/3$ (left) and $a=\sqrt2-1$ (right), where $c_a:=a^a (1 - a)^{1 - a}\in(0,1)$: 

[![enter image description here][1]][1]


  [1]: https://i.sstatic.net/36nzB.png