Here is a brief list of science-related sites that run on the same platform as Math Overflow:

 - Science
   - [Science Stack][1]
   - [asksci.com][2]
 - Physics
   - [physics.stackexchange.com][3]
   - [PhysicsOverflow][16]
 - Electronics
   - [Electronics Exchange][4]
 - Programming
   - [Stack Overflow][5]

A complete list of these sites is available [here][6].

The one thing that I personally feel is missing is a lower-level mathematics site (a Math Underflow, if you will).  I understand the desire to keep Math Overflow relevant and interesting for professional mathematicians, but there is currently no equivalent site for amateurs and students.

**Update:** (Sept 2010)A math site for [university level mathematics exists now][7].

There are also sites for [theoretical computer science][8] and for [statistics][9].

(April 2011) There is a [TEX Q/A site][10]!

(September 2011) [Area 51: science][11] contains new proposed stackexchange sites related to science. We can mention especially proposals for [Theoretical physics (and mathematical physics)][12] (closed), economics (closed), research economics, game theory, [computational sciences][13], [philosophy][14] (the site is running), [numerical models and simulations][15], Mathematica, mathematics in german. 


  [1]: http://sciencestack.com/
  [2]: http://asksci.com/
  [3]: https://physics.stackexchange.com/
  [4]: https://electronics.stackexchange.com/
  [5]: http://stackoverflow.com/
  [6]: https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4/list-of-stackexchange-sites/5#5
  [7]: https://math.stackexchange.com/
  [8]: https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/
  [9]: https://stats.stackexchange.com/
  [10]: https://tex.stackexchange.com/
  [11]: http://area51.stackexchange.com/categories/7/science
  [12]: http://area51.stackexchange.com/proposals/23848/theoretical-physics
  [13]: https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/
  [14]: https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/
  [15]: http://area51.stackexchange.com/proposals/1907/numerical-modeling-and-simulation
  [16]: http://physicsoverflow.org/