# All Questions

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### Possible lower bound in quantum many body system with non-local terms

I am asking a question related to Lieb-Robinson bound and nonlocality. As we know from Lieb-Robinson theorem (see e.g. http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.5137): Suppose a Hamiltonian system is local, i.e. ...
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### A tensor product for triangulated categories?

Many triangulated categories which show up in mathematics, such as derived categories of various sorts, arise as the homotopy category of a stable $\infty$-category. Stable $\infty$-categories give ...
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### A specific class of $(0,1)$-matrices

Let $T_n$ be the class of $(0,1)$-matrices of order n with no row sum equal to a column sum. Is there any name or research about this kind of matrix? For any $A\in T_n$, let $S_A$ be the sum of all ...
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### Why a cone/parabolic set for the nontangential maximal function?

Suppose $f\in L^p(\mathbb{R}^d)$. Then the Dirichlet BVP for the Laplace equation $\Delta u = 0$ in the upper-half plane $\mathbb{R}^d\times\mathbb{R}_{>0}$ with boundary value $f$ can be solved by ...
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### What can we say about the boundary of the level set of a Sobolev function?

I'm a beginner of the area of free boundary problem. Let me first give some background: $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ is an open connected set, and locally $\partial \Omega$ is a Lipschitz graph. ...
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### Skolemization for induction hypothesis

As part of my investigation for a logical system that is limited to $\Pi_2$ sentences I try to prove that FOL + PA is a conservative extension over that system. Some four and half years ago (I only ...
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### A question of Erdős

In the following paper (pages 122-23), Erdős asks if there is a constant $c > 0$ such that every subset $A$ of plane of area more than $c$ contains the vertices of a triangle of unit area. Is this ...
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### Number of nonzero terms in polynomial expansion (lower bounds)

Let $f(x) = a_1x^{z_1} + a_2x^{z_2} + \cdots + a_kx^{z_k}$ be a polynomial with coefficients $(a_1, \ldots, a_k) \in \mathbb{F}_q^*$ and $z_i$ are distinct positive integers. If I need to compute the ...
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### Euler characteristic of a curve

Is it a complete coincidence that the Euler characteristic of a curve is exactly twice the Euler characteristic of its structure sheaf?
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### Showing that a sequence of random variables with increasing expected value converges to a Poisson random variable

Consider a sequence $\{X_n\}_{n \geq 1}$ of nonnegative, integer-valued random variables. For any random variable $Y$ and $k \geq 1$, let $(Y)_k = Y(Y-1)(Y-2)\dots(Y-k+1)$ be the $k^\mathrm{th}$ ...
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### Is any blow-up of smooth subvarieties always an extremal contraction?

Let $X$ be a smooth complex projective variety and $Z$ be a smooth subvariety of $X$. Take the blow-up $\pi: Y \to X$ of $X$ along $Z$. Then I want to know whether $\pi$ is the contraction of an ...
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### When to postpone a proof?

One possible practice in writing mathematics is to prove every theorem and lemma right after stating it. A long, technical proof — and sometimes even a short one — can interrupt the flow ...
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### section of reduced structure map

Let $R$ be a commutative ring whose characteristic is either prime or $0$, such that $R/N$ is an integral domain, where $N$ is the nilradical, and $p: R \rightarrow R/N$ the canonical map. Is there a ...
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### Is there a “free abelian group of rank 1” in the category of affine group schemes?

Let's fix an algebraically closed field $k$. The group $\mathbb Z$, as a discrete group scheme, is not affine since it's not quasi-compact. Is there an affine algebraic scheme over $k$ whose ...
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### Not especially famous, long-open problems which anyone can understand

Question: I'm asking for a big list of not especially famous, long open problems that anyone can understand. Community wiki, so one problem per answer, please. Motivation: I plan to use this list ...
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### Minimum value of $|p(1)|^2+|p(2)|^2 +…+ |p(n+3)|^2$ over all monic polynomials $p$

Let $n$ be a positive integer. Determine the smallest possible value of $|p(1)|^2+|p(2)|^2 +...+ |p(n+3)|^2$ over all monic polynomials $p$ of degree $n$. This question was proposed (problem ...
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### Homological vs. cohomological dimension of a group/space

I have several related questions regarding homological vs. cohomological dimension of a space/group (this is not a duplicate of this). The standard definition of the cohomological dimension $cd(X)$ ...
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### On combinatorial and cellular model categories and infinity categories

I am looking for a counterexample. Let me first give the set-up. When you work with model categories, it is extremely common to assume they are cofibrantly generated. For me, this means the definition ...
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### Is this differential identity known?

Recently I discovered the differential identity $$\frac{d^{k+1}}{dx^{k+1}} (1+x^2)^{k/2} = \frac{(1 \times 3 \times \dots \times k)^2}{(1+x^2)^{(k+2)/2}}$$ valid for any odd natural number $k$; for ...
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### Lifting torsors in characteristic $p$ to characteristic zero

Let $R$ be a local integral domain with residue field $k$ such that $R$ is of characteristic zero and $k$ is of characteristic $p>0$. Let $G$ be a smooth finite type affine group scheme with ...
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### Time averages and differentiability

Let $\varphi_t : M \rightarrow M$ be a smooth flow on a smooth manifold $M$. We may assume (although I'm not sure if this is important) that the flow preserves a smooth volume form on $M$. Given a ...
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### Which nice/deep elaborations on the (operators <-> sheaves) / (endomorphisms <-> objects) theme are there?

A linear operator $T:V\to V$ on a (say) vector space over a field $k$ is just a $k[T]$-module, and may be viewed as the sheaf $\mathscr F_T$ over $\mathbb A^1_k$, with fibre over $\lambda\in k$ equal ...
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### Origin of group theory problem (bound on number of Sylow subgroups)

This problem (prove that the number of Sylow subgroups of a finite group $G$ is bounded by $\frac{2}{3}|G|$) posted on MSE proved rather difficult to solve. The OP has been silent about where the ...
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### some sort of 'saturation' of module quotients

Let $R$ be a local Noetherian ring over a field, with the maximal ideal $\mathfrak{m}$. (e.g. $R=k[[x_1,\dots,x_{p>1}]]$) Given two $R$-modules, $N\subset M$, of the same (finite, non-zero) rank. ...
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### Is there a tropical geometric proof for counting genus g curves in any n dimensional projective space?

Consider the following question: Let $X$ be a compact complex manifold and $\beta \in H_2(X, \mathbb{Z})$ a fixed homology class. Let $\mu_1, \mu_2, \ldots, \mu_k$ denote certain generic ...
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### $\pi_8(S^5)=\pi_8(SO(6))=\mathbb{Z}/24$?

I am currently thinking about a physics model related to framed bordism $\Omega_3^{fr}=Z/24=\pi^s_3$, and the first stable example is $\pi_8(S^5)$, so I was curious about the generator, and happened ...
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### Convergence to equilibrium via gradient descent

J. B. Rosen proved that in concave games of n players (which assumes that Cartesian product of strategy profiles is convex) if the game satisfies the condition of diagonally strictly concave then ...
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### Infinitesimal deformations of a fibration

Let $f:X\rightarrow Y$ be a morphism of normal projective varieties over an algebraically closed field with connected fibers. Assume that both $Y$ and the general fiber of $f$ admit a non-trivial ...
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### What are some examples of colorful language in serious mathematics papers? [closed]

The popular MO question "Famous mathematical quotes" has turned up many examples of witty, insightful, and humorous writing by mathematicians. Yet, with a few exceptions such as Weyl's "angel of ...
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### Question on paper of Stewart and Top about ranks of elliptic curves over Q(t)

I'm reading "On Ranks of Twists of Elliptic Curves and Power-Free Values of Binary Forms" by Stewart and Top, and struggling to understand the argument on pg 962 which shows that the rank of a ...
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### Residual finiteness: why do we care?

Residually finite groups have been studied for a long time. However, I am struggling to work out why we care, or perhaps, why they continue to be of interest. Let me explain. Magnus, in his 1968 ...