Questions tagged [roots-of-unity]

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1 vote
0 answers
31 views

Finding the radical expressions of trig functions [closed]

I am trying to find the exact radicals of the sine and cosine of (m/n)*pi. I have been using sympy to do this and made this pretty good script: ...
4 votes
0 answers
120 views

Vanishing exponential sums of fractional parts of polynomials

Let $p$ be an integer polynomial and $k$ be a natural number, both fixed. Is it the case that if $$C(\alpha) = \sum_{i=1}^k e(\alpha \{p(i)/k\})$$ equals 0, then $\alpha$ is an integer? Here, $e(x) = ...
2 votes
0 answers
196 views

Sum of roots of unity

Today I came across the series $\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\varepsilon^{2k^2}$, where $\varepsilon$ is some primitive $n^\text{th}$ root of unity. Is there an explicit expression for this sum? I mistakenly ...
1 vote
1 answer
167 views

Norm of $2^{i}$-th primitive root

Let $ K $ be finite degree extension of $ \mathbb{Q} $ such that $ -1 $ is not a square in $ K $. Let $ L = \frac{K[x]}{\langle x^2 +1\rangle}$. Thus every element of $ L $ is of the form $ a + ib $ ...
1 vote
0 answers
40 views

About nilpotent Jordan algebras, matrix representations and formally real algebras

Given an non-commutative associative unital algebra A of characteristic $0$, one can construct a Jordan algebra $A+$ using the same underlying addition vector space. Notice first that an associative ...
1 vote
0 answers
119 views

$\sin(\frac{\pi}{p}) $ not expressible by positive radicals and $\sin(\frac{\pi}{q_i})$?

We have the following identities: $\sin(\frac{\pi}{1})=0$ $\sin(\frac{\pi}{2})=1$ $\sin(\frac{\pi}{3})=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ $\sin(\frac{\pi}{4})=\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}$ Lets start with a definition. Rules ...
3 votes
1 answer
317 views

A similar relationship between the generic cubic and the Lehmer quintic?

I. Comparison It doesn't seem to be well-known that the generic cubic (prominent in this MO post) for $C_3 = A_3$, $$x^3-nx^2+(n-3)x+1 = 0$$ has the nice property that its roots $a,b,c$, if in correct ...
5 votes
1 answer
301 views

A conjectural permanent identity

Let $n>1$ be an integer, and let $\zeta$ be a primitive $n$th root of unity. By $(3.4)$ of arXiv:2206.02589, $1$ and those $n+1-2s\ (s=1,\ldots,n-1)$ are all the eigenvalues of the matrix $M=[m_{jk}...
10 votes
1 answer
531 views

Identities involving derangements and roots of unity

For a positive integer $n$, a derangement of $\{1,\ldots,n\}$ is a permutation $\tau$ of $\{1,\ldots,n\}$ with $\tau(j)\not=j$ for all $j=1,\ldots,n$. For convenience, we let $D(n)$ denote the set of ...
1 vote
1 answer
215 views

A determinant involving the cotangent function

Let $n>1$ be odd. In my 2019 preprint On some determinants involving the tangent function, I proved that $$\det\left[\tan\pi\frac{aj+bk}n\right]_{1\le j,k\le n-1}=\left(\frac{-ab}n\right)n^{n-2}$$ ...
2 votes
1 answer
487 views

Integer eigenvalues of a class of matrices inspired by Prof. Zhi-Wei Sun's conjecture

Theorem: Let $n>1$ be an odd number and $\zeta$ a primitive $n$-th root of unity. Then \begin{eqnarray} &&\sum_{\tau\in D(n-1)}\mathrm{sign}(\tau)\prod_{j=1}^{n-1}\frac{1}{1-\zeta^{j-\tau(j)...
4 votes
1 answer
578 views

Has any one seen this sum of roots of unity before?

Fix a prime $p >2$ and $q_1$, $q_2$ such that $q_i - 1$ is exactly divisible by $p$. For any $n$, $a$, $b $, consider the sum $$\sum_{i=0}^{p^{n-1}-1}\zeta_{p^n}^{aq_1^i+bq_2^i}.$$ Is this always ...
7 votes
0 answers
147 views

Finding when a certain product in a cyclotomic field is equal to one

For the following, fix $m\geq 2$, and let $a_{0},\dots,a_{m-1}\in\mathbb{Z}$ be such that $\sum_{k=0}^{m-1}a_{k}=0$. I would like to find the exact conditions on the $a_{k}$ so that the following ...
15 votes
2 answers
1k views

Vanishing of a sum of roots of unity

In my answer to this question, there appears the following sub-question about a sum of roots of unity. Denoting $z=\exp\frac{i\pi}N$ (so that $z^N=-1$), can the quantity $$\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}z^{2k^2+k}$$ ...
3 votes
0 answers
185 views

Coefficients for Expansions of $1-\zeta_p$

Let $\mathbb{Q}_p(\zeta_p)$ be the cyclotomic extension of the $p$-adic field $\mathbb{Q}_p$. Then $1 - \zeta_p$ is a uniformizer for this field. Recall that $$\sum_{i=1}^{p-1} \zeta_p^i = -1.$$ So ...
10 votes
1 answer
615 views

A conjecture on binomial coefficients and roots of unity

Is the following true? Let $p$ be a prime and let $w$ be a $(p-1)$st root of unity (not necessarily primitive). Then $$\binom{w}{n}=\frac{w(w-1)\cdots(w-n+1)}{n!}$$ is $p$-integral; i.e., it can be ...
107 votes
6 answers
18k views

How small can a sum of a few roots of unity be?

Let $n$ be a large natural number, and let $z_1, \ldots, z_{10}$ be (say) ten $n^{th}$ roots of unity: $z_1^n = \ldots = z_{10}^n = 1$. Suppose that the sum $S = z_1+\ldots+z_{10}$ is non-zero. How ...
1 vote
0 answers
90 views

Mod $N^2$ evaluation of a polynomial defined by first $N-1$ roots

Given a prime $N$ and integer $g$, where $g$ is able to generate the multiplicative subgroup $(\mathbb{Z}/N^2\mathbb{Z})^*$, I am interested in any results simplifying or evaluating $f\in (\mathbb{Z}/...
6 votes
0 answers
124 views

Simultaneous vanishing $\mathbb{Q}$-linear relations between $N$-th roots of unity

Let $\zeta$ be a primitive $N$-th root of unity and $\Gamma \subset (\mathbb{Z}/N)^\times$ a subgroup. Let $|\Gamma|$ be the cardinality of $\Gamma$ and consider the linear map $M_\Gamma\colon \mathbb{...
6 votes
1 answer
629 views

Q-binomials at roots of unity

As the title says, given a general $q$-binomial $\binom{n}{k}_q$, is there some general result regarding its value at a root of unity, $q = \exp(2\pi i r/N)$?
2 votes
1 answer
318 views

Möbius inversion formula and roots of unity

Is the exact value of $$ \sum_{d\mid n} \mu\left(\frac{n}{d}\right) \zeta^d $$ known? Here, $\mu$ denotes the Möbius function and $\zeta$ a root of unity. At first sight, it seems to me that this ...
8 votes
0 answers
345 views

Computing coefficients of polynomials from roots in $O(n\log{n})$ time

Suppose I have a univariate polynomial $p$ over a prime-order finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$ whose roots I know. Suppose that the roots of $p$ are always an $n$-sized subset of $R=\{1,2,\dots,N\}, N <...
2 votes
0 answers
225 views

Finite sum involving root of unity

I have the following sum: $$\sum_{\sigma=1,\text{odd}}^{\frac{p}{2}-2}\frac{\sin \frac{r \sigma \pi}{p}}{\sin \frac{q \sigma \pi}{p}}$$ where $p\equiv2\pmod4$, $p$ and $q$ are coprime numbers such ...
5 votes
0 answers
272 views

Is an algebraic number satisfying certain super-congruences a root of unity?

Let $K|\mathbb{Q}$ be a number field, $D$ its discriminant and $\mathcal{O}$ the ring of integers in $K$. Let $x\in K$ (or maybe $\in \mathcal{O}[\frac 1D]$) such that for all primes $p$ in $\mathbb{Q}...
6 votes
2 answers
494 views

A conjecture involving roots of unity

Motivated by Kevin Liu's recent question, here I pose the following conjecture based on my numerical computation. Conjecture. Let $m>1$ and $n>1$ be integers. Let $\delta\in\{0,1\}$ and let $\...
13 votes
2 answers
618 views

$q$ as a prime power and a root of unity

The number of points on the $(n-1)$-dimensional projective space $P^{n-1}(\mathbb{F}_q)$ over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$ is the $q$-integer $$[n]_q := \frac{q^n-1}{q-1}.$$ In analogy, the number of ...
26 votes
0 answers
899 views

Which sets of roots of unity give a polynomial with nonnegative coefficients?

The question in brief:   When does a subset $S$ of the complex $n$th roots of unity have the property that $$\prod_{\alpha\, \in \,S} (z-\alpha)$$ gives a polynomial in $\mathbb R[z]$ with ...
3 votes
1 answer
315 views

Roots of anti-palindromic polynomial if coefficients are odd.

This is in continuation of the question asked in this earlier post here. Given an anti palindromic polynomial of degree $n$ with odd coefficients, does it have roots on the unit circle?
3 votes
0 answers
160 views

Modular root of $-1$

Take two distinct coprime integers $a,b$ and take $q=a^2+b^2$. Consider the equation $(xy^{-1})^2\equiv-1\bmod q$. The solutions are two roots which correspond to $(x,y)=(a,b)$ and $(x,y)=(b,a)$. Look ...
4 votes
0 answers
288 views

power series and roots of unity

Let $p$ be an odd prime and $X$ and $Y$ be subsets of $p^{th}$ roots of unity, $|X|=|Y|=n,X\neq Y.$ Let $f(t)=\sum_{x\in X}x^{t}-\sum_{y\in Y}y^{t}$. If $f(t)=at^k+o(t^k)$ is the power series ...
7 votes
1 answer
2k views

Uniqueness of sums of roots of unity

Let $\zeta:=e^{\frac{2\pi i}{n}}$, with $n\geq4$, and let $2\leq k\leq n-2$. Let us suppose that the prime factorization of $n$ is $n=p_1^{\alpha_1}\cdot\dots\cdot p_s^{\alpha_s}$, with $\alpha_i>...
5 votes
0 answers
119 views

Sign preserving Galois automorphisms

I have an algebraic number $\alpha \in \mathbb{Q}(\zeta)$, where $\zeta^n = 1$ is a root of unity (not primitive) given as a linear combination of powers of $\zeta$, i.e, $\alpha = \sum_{i=1}^k a_i \...
6 votes
0 answers
217 views

Infinitude of cyclotomic polynomials with a certain number of terms

Let $\Phi_n$ be the $n$th cyclotomic polynomial: $${\Phi _{n}(x)=\!\!\prod _{\substack {1\leq k\leq n \\ \gcd(k,n)=1}} \!\!\big(x-e^{2i\pi {k/n}}\big).}$$ Here is a list of the first 30 cyclotomic ...
4 votes
2 answers
700 views

Summation formulas involving roots of unity to various powers

I want to know properties of the following sum: $$\sum_{j=0}^{p-1} \omega^{\beta j^2}= ~? $$ where $p$ is a prime, and $\omega^p=1$, is a $p$th root of unity (and $\beta$ is an integer between $0$ and ...
1 vote
0 answers
130 views

How to evaluate this sum of roots of unity with condition to zero

In evaluating the sum: $$\tag{1}\label{e1}\sum\limits_{j = 1 < h}^N {\left( {{e^{\frac{{i\pi }}{N}\left( {{s_1}j + {s_2}h} \right)}} - {e^{\frac{{i\pi }}{N}\left( {{s_1}h + {s_2}j} \right)}}} \...
0 votes
0 answers
206 views

Discrete Fourier transform of the Ramanujan's sums

Let $n$ be a positive integer, and $\zeta_n$ a primitive $n$-root of unity. I consider the polynomial $P(X) = \sum_{k=0}^{\phi(n)-1} \left[ \sum_{l \in \mathbb{Z}_n^*}^n \zeta_n^{kl} \right]X^k = \...
2 votes
1 answer
182 views

Simplification of a sum with roots of unity

Let $p$ be an odd prime, $\zeta $ a primitive $p-$th root of unity and $${a_n}(x) = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^{p - 1} {\prod\limits_{j = 1}^n {\left( {1 + {\zeta ^{jk}}x} \right)} } .$$ It seems that for $...
4 votes
0 answers
146 views

An Optimization Problem for Exponential Polynomials

Let $\omega$ be a primitive complex $n^{th}$ root of unity. I am interested in the following quantity $$ \max_{f(n)\leq \ell \leq g(n)} \quad \min_{0<k\leq n-1} \left| 1+\omega^k+\omega^{2k}+\...
1 vote
1 answer
778 views

Trace 0 and Norm 1 elements in finite fields

Let $\mathbb{F}_{q^\ell}/\mathbb{F}_{q}$ be the extension of finite filed $\mathbb{F}_{q}$, where $\ell$ be a odd prime and $(\neq q)$. Take $\zeta\in\mathbb{F}_{q^\ell}$. Does there exist different $...
19 votes
4 answers
3k views

An algebraic number is not a root of unity?

This problem is related to my study of the Burau representation of the braid group $B_3$: I was trying to show that certain "congruence subgroups" are of infinite index. There is an approach that ...
2 votes
1 answer
203 views

How to prove an approximation of a combinatorics identity

How to prove that $$\sum_{k\ge 0} \binom{n}{rk} =\frac{1}{r}\sum_{j=0}^{r-1}(1+w^j)^n$$ can be approximated as $\frac{2^n}{r}$, where $n\ge 0$, $r\ge 0$, $n>r$ and $w^r=1$ is a primitive $r$-th ...
4 votes
0 answers
267 views

How small can the nonzero sum of $O(\log n)$ distinct $n-$th roots of unity be?

The OEIS sequence oeis.org/A108380 gives the least number of distinct n-th roots of unity summing to the smallest possible nonzero magnitude. This sequence seems to imply that the least number of ...
4 votes
1 answer
606 views

Primes $p=x^2+27y^2$ and Ramanujan's $x_1^{1/3} + x_2^{1/3} + x_3^{1/3}$

I was trying to generalize, $$\sqrt[3]{\sum_{k=1}^5\cos\big(\tfrac{2^k\cdot\,2\pi}{31}\big)}+\sqrt[3]{\sum_{k=1}^5\cos\big(\tfrac{2^k\cdot\,6\pi}{31}\big)}+\sqrt[3]{\sum_{k=1}^5\cos\big(\tfrac{2^k\...
2 votes
0 answers
371 views

Trace of roots of unity has valuation more than 1 in uramified field

Let $F$ be a finite extension of $\mathbb{Q}_p$ (p is prime) and $K/F$ be a unramified extension of prime degree $\ell (\neq p)$. Denote $\mu_K$ be the group of roots of unity in $K.$ Does there exist ...
3 votes
1 answer
192 views

Homomorphism from integral module generated by roots of unity to cyclic group?

Let $S$ be the set of all roots of unity. Consider the $\mathbb{Z}$-module, $\mathbb{Z} S$, as an additive abelian group (that is, $\mathbb{Z} S$ is the subset of complex numbers that can be ...
8 votes
2 answers
979 views

Power sums of p-th roots of unity

The following question was asked by a colleague of mine. For any prime $p$ consider $$ M_p:=\min_{z_1,\dots,z_p}\max_{j,k}\left|z_1^k+\dots+z_j^k\right|,$$ where $z_1,\dots,z_p$ are the complex $p$-th ...
0 votes
1 answer
893 views

How to calculate $N_{L/k}$(roots of unity)?

Suppose that $L/k$ is a Galois extension of number fields and that $G$ is the corresponding Galois group. Further, for $\frak p$ a prime ideal of $\cal O$$_L$, let $K=L^{G(\frak p)}$, where [$L$ : $K$...
3 votes
1 answer
355 views

When is possible to factor a field extension into one which adds no roots of unity, followed by one which adds only roots of unity?

The answer to whether this is possible for general fields is no. However, the counterexamples used two ingredients: 1) $\Bbb Q_p$, whose extensions $K$ containing $\Bbb Q_p(\sqrt[p^e]{u})$ might not ...
4 votes
1 answer
512 views

Unit in cyclotomic field

Let $n \in \mathbb{N}$ and $\zeta$ be a primitive $n$-th root of unity. I want to know for which $n$ the element $1+2(\zeta+\zeta^{-1})$ is a unit in the ring of integers of $\mathbb{Q}[\zeta]$. Can ...
6 votes
2 answers
469 views

Why are most coefficients of these minimal polynomials divisible by $p$?

For an odd prime $p$, let $\zeta:=e^{\frac{\pi i}p}$ and choose odd $1<n<p$. Further let $q(x)$ and $r(x)$ be integer polynomials such that $r(x)$ has no common factor with $x^n+1$, and $\xi$ ...