Questions tagged [recurrences]

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Convergence of stochastic linear recurrences

Suppose that $\zeta_t$ is a univariate, stationary stochastic process ($t\in\mathbb{N}^+$). Let $x_0\in\mathbb{R}^n$, and let $f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}$ be a continuously ...
cfp's user avatar
  • 183
2 votes
0 answers
70 views

Recursion for the number of partitions of $m^n-1$ into powers of $m$

Let $a(n,m)$ be the number of partitions of $m^n-1$ into powers of $m$. In other words, $$a(n,m)=[z^{m^n-1}] \prod\limits_{k\geqslant 0} \frac{1}{1-z^{m^k}}$$ Let $$ R(n,m,q)=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{m(q+1)-...
Notamathematician's user avatar
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0 answers
59 views

A recurrence relation with two variables

How to solve the following recurrence relation? $$f(i,j) = 2 f(i,j-1) + (\alpha^j+\beta^j) f(i-1,j), 0<\alpha,\beta < 1$$ With the boundary condition $$ f(0,0) = f(1,0) = f(0,1) = 1 $$ A special ...
Lili Si's user avatar
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1 vote
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Combinatorial interpretation for the more general case of $R(n,0)$

Let $f(n), g(n,m), h(n)$ be an arbitrary functions which equal to the non-negative integers. Let $$ R(n,q) = \sum\limits_{j=0}^{f(q)}g(q,j)R(n-1,j),\\ R(0,q) = h(q) $$ In the comment to the one of ...
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0 votes
0 answers
169 views

Expansion of continued fraction using recursion

Let $f(n)$ be an arbitrary function such that $f(n)\in\mathbb{Z}$. Let $a(n)$ be an integer sequence with generating function $\frac{1}{G(0)}$ where $$ G(j)=1-\frac{f(j)x}{G(j+1)} $$ Here we have $$ G(...
Notamathematician's user avatar
26 votes
1 answer
7k views

Elegant recursion for A301897

Let $a(n)$ be A301897, i.e., number of permutations $b$ of length $n$ that satisfy the Diaconis-Graham inequality $I_n(b) + EX_n(b) \leqslant D_n(b)$ with equality. Here $$a(n)=\frac{1}{n+1}\binom{2n}{...
Notamathematician's user avatar
2 votes
0 answers
124 views

Recurrence for A004208

Let $a(n)$ be A004208. Here $$a(n)=n\prod\limits_{j=1}^{n}(2j-1)-\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n-1}a(i)\prod\limits_{j=1}^{n-i}(2j-1)$$ I conjecture that $$a(n)=R(n-1,0)$$ where $$R(n,q)=2(q+2)R(n-1,q+1)+\sum\...
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0 votes
0 answers
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General patterns for partial sums of generalized A341392, A284005 and A329369

Let $$\ell(n)=\left\lfloor\log_2 n\right\rfloor$$ $$f(n)=n-2^{\ell(n)}$$ $$\operatorname{wt}(2n+1)=\operatorname{wt}(n)+1, \operatorname{wt}(2n)=\operatorname{wt}(n), \operatorname{wt}(0)=0$$ $$T(n,k)=...
Notamathematician's user avatar
0 votes
0 answers
71 views

Sequences that sum up to possible generalization of Euler or up/down numbers (A000111)

Let $a(n,m,k)$ be an integer sequence with e.g.f. $$A(x)=\operatorname{exp}\left(x + m\int\int (A(x))^k \, dx \, dx\right)$$ I don't know much about integrals, so here's a concrete example: $a(n,1,3)$...
Notamathematician's user avatar
3 votes
0 answers
204 views

Using Ramanujan-type "Legendrian" sequences to find new formulas for $\frac1{\pi}$?

I. Recurrences (Continued from this post.) In Cooper's 2012 paper, "Sporadic sequences, modular forms and new series for 1/π", he did a computer search for the recurrence relation, $$(n+1)^3 ...
Tito Piezas III's user avatar
5 votes
1 answer
174 views

On four Ramanujan-type "Legendrian" sequences with a 3-term recurrence?

I. Recurrences In a previous post, it was mentioned how Almkvist-Zudilin did a computer search for solutions to the recurrence relation, $$(n+1)^3s_{n+1}=(2n+1)(an^2+an+b)s_n+c\,n^3s_{n-1}$$ within a ...
Tito Piezas III's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
88 views

Application of the series reversion

Let $f(n)$ be an arbitrary function such that $f(n)\in\mathbb{Z}$. Let $a(n)$ be an arbitrary integer sequence such that $a(0)=1$. Let $b(n)$ be an integer sequence such that $$b(2^m(2n+1))=\sum\...
Notamathematician's user avatar
7 votes
0 answers
419 views

On H. Cohen's four continued fractions for $\zeta(3), \zeta(5), \zeta(7)$?

After 6 years from this old MO post, I finally find in the literature polynomials of deg-$5$ for the continued fraction of $\zeta(5)$. I. Recurrences involving $\zeta(5)$ In Cohen's 2022 paper, ...
Tito Piezas III's user avatar
0 votes
0 answers
98 views

Simplification of summation and reverse search

Let $f(n)$ be an arbitrary function such that $f(n)\in\mathbb{Z}$. Let $b(n)$ be an integer sequence such that $$b(2^m(2n+1))=\sum\limits_{k=0}^{m}f(m-k)b(2^kn), b(0)=1$$ Let $s(n,m)$ be an integer ...
Notamathematician's user avatar
10 votes
2 answers
648 views

On 12 cfracs: for Catalan's $K$, Gieseking's $\kappa$, and $\pi^2$, $\pi^3$, plus three for $\zeta(3)$ using Zagier's "six sporadic sequences"

I. Some functions As these will be used in the continued fraction evaluations below, recall the Riemann zeta function $\zeta(s),$ and Dirichlet beta function $\beta(s),$ $$\beta(s) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty\...
Tito Piezas III's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
36 views

Sequences that sum up to $\frac{m^{n+1}}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n}{}_2F_1(1,n+\frac{1}{2}; n+2; -4m(m-1))$

Let $a(n,m)$ be an integer sequence such that $$a(n,m)=\frac{m^{n+1}}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n}{}_2F_1(1,n+\frac{1}{2}; n+2; -4m(m-1))$$ Let $$\ell(n)=\left\lfloor\log_2 n\right\rfloor$$ $$f(n)=n-2^{\ell(n)}$$...
Notamathematician's user avatar
2 votes
2 answers
352 views

Finding a new level-$7$ pi formula using the relation $j_{7A}(\tau) = \left(\sqrt{j_{7B}(\tau)}+\frac{7}{\sqrt{j_{7B}(\tau)}}\right)^2$

(Note: This third method continues from this post.) There are level-$7$ pi formulas based on the McKay-Thompson series $T_{7A}$ and Cooper's $s_7$ sequence in this paper. This third method, among ...
Tito Piezas III's user avatar
0 votes
0 answers
34 views

$\frac{m(m+k+1)^n+k}{m+k}$ as closed form for subsequence of the partial sums

Let $a(n,m,k)$ be an integer sequence such that $$a(n,m,k)=\frac{m(m+k+1)^n+k}{m+k}$$ There are many sequences in the OEIS that are special cases of a given sequence family: $a(n,1,1)$ - A007051 $a(n,...
Notamathematician's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
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Counting problem, tiling rectangle with two types right isosceles triangle

How many ways are there to tile a rectangle of size $m\times n$ with two types of isosceles triangle, type 1 having area $\frac{1}{2}$ and type 2 having area 1? I know with only type 1 there are $2^{...
mendalan lor's user avatar
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0 answers
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Existence of integer sequence under simultaneous constraints

Does there exist a function $f:\Bbb N\to\Bbb N$ such that \begin{align}a_{n+1}&=f(a_n)\\a_{f(n)+1}&=a_n\end{align} implies $\{a_n\}_{n\ge0}$ is a non-constant, positive integer sequence? ...
TheSimpliFire's user avatar
0 votes
0 answers
35 views

Representation theorem for multivariate homogeneous linear recurrences on Z^d?

Let $f:\mathbb{Z}^d \to \mathbb{C}$ satisfy a homogeneous linear recurrence for some coefficients $a_\Delta \in \mathbb{C}$, $$\forall x \in \mathbb{Z}^d. \quad \sum_{\Delta \in B_k(0)}a_\Delta f(x+\...
Chris Jones's user avatar
2 votes
0 answers
169 views

Solve the recurrence relation with 2 variables

We have the following recurrence relation: \begin{equation} f(n,m) = f(n-1,m) g_{\alpha, \gamma}(n,m) + f(n,m-1) g_{\beta, \gamma}(n,m) \\ g_{\alpha, \gamma}(n,m)= \sum^{n}_{i = 0} \sum^{m}_{j = 0} \...
Lili Si's user avatar
  • 95
0 votes
0 answers
40 views

Product as closed form for subsequence of the partial sums

Let $a(n,m,k)$ be an integer sequence such that $$a(n,m,k)=\prod\limits_{q=0}^{n-1}\sum\limits_{i=0}^{m-1}\sum\limits_{j=0}^{m-i-1}\binom{i+j-1}{j}k^{i+j}q^i$$ Let $$\ell(n,m)=\left\lfloor\log_m n\...
Notamathematician's user avatar
7 votes
0 answers
79 views

Generalization of Lucas sequences to order 3 (and above)

For fixed integer parameters $(P,Q)$, Lucas sequences represent a pair of complimentary integer sequences satisfying the same recurrence with the characteristic polynomial $f(x):=x^2 - Px + Q$. The ...
Max Alekseyev's user avatar
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0 answers
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On a generalization of A113227 as a subsequence of the partial sums

This question is just a generalization of the one of my previous questions. Let $$a(n,m,k)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}u(n,m,k,i)$$ where $$u(n,m,k,i)=u(n-1,m,k,i-1)+(m-1)(i+k-1)\sum\limits_{j=i}^{n-1}u(n-1,...
Notamathematician's user avatar
6 votes
1 answer
426 views

How to solve recurrence relation with 2 variables?

I have the following recurrence relation and boundary condition? $$ f(n,m) = \frac{\alpha n}{n+m} f(n-1,m) + \frac{\beta m}{n+m} f(n,m-1) + 1 $$ $$ f(n,0) = \frac{1-\alpha^{n+1}}{1-\alpha}, f(0,m) = \...
Lili Si's user avatar
  • 95
2 votes
0 answers
47 views

Coefficient growth upper bound of a recurrence relation

Consider the recurrence relation one can obtain from the radial Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom, where $\psi(r)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} a_nr^n$: $$(n+3)(n+2)a_{n+2}+2a_{n+1}=2|E|a_n, n\geq0$$ ...
Godzilla's user avatar
  • 121
4 votes
0 answers
85 views

Closed form for subsequence of the partial sums of generalized A329369

Let $a(n,m,k)$ be an integer sequence such that $$a(n,m,k)=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{n}{n\brace i}(m-k)^{n-i}\prod\limits_{j=0}^{i-1}(kj+1)$$ Here ${n\brace k}$ is the Stirling number of the second kind. ...
Notamathematician's user avatar
3 votes
1 answer
130 views

Sequences that sum up to Dowling numbers

Let $a(n,k)$ be the sequence of $k$-Dowling numbers (for more information see A007405 and its CROSSREFS section) with e.g.f. $$\operatorname{exp}\left(x + \frac{\operatorname{exp}(kx) - 1}{k}\right)$$ ...
Notamathematician's user avatar
2 votes
0 answers
102 views

Sequences that sum up to the many sequences in the OEIS

Let $$a(n,m,k)=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{j=0}^{n}[n+kj\geqslant 0]\binom{n}{j}\binom{n+kj}{j-1}(m-1)^{j-1}$$ Here square brackets denote Iverson brackets. There are many sequences in the OEIS that are ...
Notamathematician's user avatar
6 votes
1 answer
254 views

Sequence that sums up to the number of permutations avoiding the pattern $1-23-4$

Let $a(n)$ be A113227, i.e., the number of permutations on $[n]\equiv \{1, \ldots, n\}$ avoiding the pattern $1-23-4$. The sequence begins with $$1, 1, 2, 6, 23, 105, 549, 3207, 20577, 143239, 1071704,...
Notamathematician's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
53 views

Recurrence for the number of permutations with a given excedance set

Let $$\ell(n)=\left\lfloor\log_2 n\right\rfloor$$ $$f(n)=n-2^{\ell(n)}$$ $$T(n,k)=\left\lfloor\frac{n}{2^k}\right\rfloor\operatorname{mod}2$$ $$\operatorname{wt}(2n+1)=\operatorname{wt}(n)+1, \...
Notamathematician's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
132 views

Recurrence for the A284005

Let $$\ell(n)=\left\lfloor\log_2 n\right\rfloor$$ $$f(n)=n-2^{\ell(n)}$$ $$T(n,k)=\left\lfloor\frac{n}{2^k}\right\rfloor\operatorname{mod}2$$ $$\operatorname{wt}(2n+1)=\operatorname{wt}(n)+1, \...
Notamathematician's user avatar
5 votes
1 answer
210 views

Polynomial solutions to a difference equation

This question may look unmotivated, but is connected with continued fractions for $\pi^2$. Let $n$ be a nonnegative integer, and consider the difference equation $$(x+2n+4)(x+n+1)P(x+1)-(x-1)(x+n-1)P(...
Henri Cohen's user avatar
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1 vote
0 answers
76 views

Urn model with delayed replacement

Suppose I have x red and y blue balls. At each timestep I draw a ball with probability $$P(\text{red ball}) = (x/(x+y))^z, P(\text{blue ball}) = 1-P(\text{red ball})$$ where z is fixed. Each ball is ...
timbuktu's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
83 views

Permutation to get Stolarsky representation from lazy Fibonacci (dual Zeckendorf) representation

Let $a_1(n)$ be A200714, i.e., Stolarsky representation interpreted as binary to decimal integers. The sequence begins with $$0, 1, 3, 2, 7, 5, 6, 15, 4, 11, 13, 14, 31, 10, 9, 23, 12, 27, 29$$ Let $...
Notamathematician's user avatar
2 votes
0 answers
67 views

Methods for holonomic recurrences

I wanted to ask if anyone knows of good texts/resources on methods for solving holonomic recurrence relations (if there are any general analytical approaches): $$p_1(n)a(n)+p_2(n)a(n-1)+\dotsb+p_k(n)a(...
Doug Brunson's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
35 views

The limit set of consecutive applications of linear transforms to the single segment

Problem. Consider $n$ positive integers $1 < a_1\le \ldots \le a_n$ and $I = \left[\frac{1}{a_n - 1}, \frac{1}{a_1 - 1}\right]$. For each $a_k$ define the linear transform $\phi_k\colon x\mapsto \...
Pavel Gubkin's user avatar
-4 votes
1 answer
286 views

Limit of recursion relation

Consider the sequence of functions $\{F_n\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$, where each $F_n$ is defined on $\{0,...,n\}$ by recurrence of the following form: $$ F_n(0)=3 \textrm{ and }F_n(k)=\frac{1}{k^2}+\frac{\...
José María Grau Ribas's user avatar
3 votes
1 answer
210 views

Powers of $2$ up to $2^{m-1}$ from a polynomial of degree $m-1$

Let $T(n,k)$ be a triangle of coefficients such that $T(n,k)\geqslant0$ for $n>0$, $0<k\leqslant n$, $0$ otherwise. Also $$T(2n+1,1)=\frac{1}{2n+1}, T(2n,1)=0$$ $$T(n,k)=\frac{1}{n}(T(n-1,k-1)+(...
Notamathematician's user avatar
2 votes
0 answers
93 views

Identifying terms of a linear recurrence sequence using a congruence

Let $(n_i)_{i=0}^\infty$ be a sequence of integers satisfying a linear recurrence with integer coefficients, $$ n_{i+\ell} = \sum_{k=0}^{\ell-1} a_k n_{i+k},$$ and for simplicity assume that $a_0 = \...
Jakub Konieczny's user avatar
2 votes
0 answers
115 views

Closed form for coefficients related to excedance set of permutation

Working on suitable closed form for A329369, I discovered very useful coefficients, which have the following recurrence relation: $$T(0,1)=T(0,2)=1$$ $$T(n,1)=1, n>0$$ $$T(0,k)=0, k>2$$ $$T(2n+1,...
Notamathematician's user avatar
0 votes
1 answer
94 views

Recurrence for the number of steps required to get one ball in each box

Given $n$ balls, all of which are initially in the first of $n$ numbered boxes, $a(n)$ is the number of steps required to get one ball in each box when a step consists of moving to the next box every ...
Notamathematician's user avatar
0 votes
0 answers
129 views

How many steps does this subtractive recurrence take?

Given $\alpha\in(0,1)$ and $c\geq1$. $n$ here is in naturals $\mathbb N$. $$T_0=n$$ $$T_i=T_{i-1}-\frac{\lfloor{T_{i-1}}^\alpha\rfloor}c\mbox{ at every }i\in\mathbb N$$ is the recursion. At what $i$ ...
Turbo's user avatar
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1 vote
1 answer
107 views

Number of steps required to get one ball in each box for $n=2^k$

Given $n$ balls, all of which are initially in the first of $n$ numbered boxes, $a(n)$ is the number of steps required to get one ball in each box when a step consists of moving to the next box every ...
Notamathematician's user avatar
4 votes
2 answers
388 views

Is there a recurrence for the coefficients of the Laurent series expansion of $\frac{1}{1-e^{e^x - 1}}$?

So there's an elementary (but in my opinion quite interesting!) result which is that the Laurent series expansion of $$\frac{1}{1-e^x} = -\frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{12}x - \frac{1}{720}x^3 \...
Sidharth Ghoshal's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
66 views

Recurrence for permutation of A007306 (denominators of Farey tree fractions)

Let $a(n)$ be A071585, i.e., numerator of the continued fraction expansion whose terms are the first-order differences of exponents in the binary representation of $4n$, with the exponents of $2$ ...
Notamathematician's user avatar
3 votes
1 answer
209 views

Using generating functions to construct or solve differential equations

I know that $T_n(x)$ is the solution of the differential equation $(1-x^2)y''-xy'+n^2y=0$, where $$ T_n(x)=\begin{cases} T_n(x)=1 & \text{if $n=0$}\\ T_n(x)=x & \text{if $n=1$}\\ T_{n}(x)=...
CACM6's user avatar
  • 31
0 votes
1 answer
65 views

Vector recurrences (asymptotic property)

Fix $m\in \mathbb{N}.$ For each $n\in \mathbb{N},$ let $A_n\in \mathbb{M}_{m}(\mathbb{C}),$ $X_n\in \mathbb{C}^m,$ and $B_n\in \mathbb{C}^m.$ Suppose that $$X_{n+1}=A_n X_n+B_n,$$ $$\lim_{n\rightarrow ...
Musu's user avatar
  • 3
6 votes
0 answers
170 views

3-term recurrence relation including integral or differential operator for polynomials

Sequences of polynomials with a 3-term recurrence relations are well known for orthogonal polynomials. Do recurrence relations using differential or integral operators also appear in some theories? I ...
Christian Sattlecker's user avatar

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