All Questions
Tagged with real-analysis sequences-and-series
304 questions
7
votes
2
answers
455
views
On a monotonicity property of Fourier coefficients of truncated power functions
Is it true that
$$a_{k,n}:=\int_0^{2\pi}x^k\cos(nx)\,dx$$
is nonincreasing in natural $n$ for each $k\in\{0,1,\dots\}$?
This question is related to this previous one.
Twice integrating by parts, one ...
- 128k
7
votes
2
answers
913
views
Optimal Talmudic Zigzag
I have a finite sequence of positive real numbers $p_1,\dots, p_n$ and I am looking for a monotonically ascending sequence of indices $z_1,\dots, z_k$ that starts with $z_1 = 1$ and ends with $z_k = n$...
7
votes
1
answer
2k
views
$\sum a_n = 0$ but $\sum \frac{a_n}{n} = \infty$
I'm hoping to find an explicit construction for a sequence such that $\sum a_n = 0$ but $\sum \frac{a_n}{n} = \infty$, or a proof that one cannot exist. So far, I have a good idea of how we can ...
- 1,730
7
votes
1
answer
1k
views
The closed form of $\sum_{n=2}^\infty(-1)^{n+1}\frac{\psi(n)}n\log(n)$
The following series I'm interested in $$\sum_{n=2}^\infty(-1)^{n+1}\frac{\psi(n)}n\log(n)$$
where $\psi(n)$ is digamma function
arose in the evaluation of an integral I posted on MSE, https://...
- 253
7
votes
1
answer
463
views
Optimality of p-Lebesgue Differentiation Theorem for Sobolev Functions
This is the third question in a series whose purpose has been to flesh out an example of the optimality of the p-Lebesgue differentiation theorem for Sobolev functions. This theorem says that for $f \...
- 882
7
votes
1
answer
268
views
A differential equation governing compositional inversion
Looking for references for the following theorem.
Given the formal Taylor series/exponential generating function
$$T(z) = \sum_{n \ge 1} a_n \; \frac{z^n}{n!},$$
for which the indeterminates $a_n$ and ...
- 10.5k
7
votes
1
answer
346
views
Mean Cauchy sequences
Let $X$ be a complete metric space. Suppose a sequence of elements $x_n$ is Cauchy in mean, in the sense that
$$\lim_{K \to \infty} \limsup_{N, M \to \infty} \frac{1}{NM} \sum_{i = K+1}^{K + N} \sum_{...
- 6,215
7
votes
1
answer
205
views
Comparing divergent and convergent sums
Let $(x_n)$ be a monotonically decreasing sequence of positive real numbers that is also summable.
Let $(y_n)$ be a sequence of positive real numbers such that
$\sum_n x_n y_n$ converges.
Let $(z_n)$ ...
- 124
7
votes
1
answer
507
views
Is the mapping $f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow [0,1], \ x \mapsto \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\lfloor x^n \rfloor \mod 2}{2^n}$ surjective?
Is the mapping
$$
f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow [0,1], \ x \mapsto \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\lfloor x^n \rfloor \mod 2}{2^n}
$$
surjective?
If not, what is its image?
If yes, what can be said about ...
- 19.6k
7
votes
2
answers
419
views
A counterexample showing $BV_p \neq AC_p$
I am trying to work through a supposedly simple counterexample given in papers by Love and Gehring regarding a $p$-power generalization of bounded variation and absolute continuity.
Let $p > 1$. ...
- 217
7
votes
1
answer
1k
views
Signed variant of the Flint Hills series
I asked my Calculus 2 students to come up with a series the convergence of which they are unable to decide. One of the students, Denis Zelent, invented a very interesting one:
$$
\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \...
- 17.2k
7
votes
1
answer
310
views
Asymptotic behavior of a sequence of functions
For $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and $q\in(0,1)$, define
$$f_{n}(q):=\sum_{i_{1},i_{2},\dots,i_{n}=1}^{\infty}\frac{q^{i_1+i_2+\dots+i_n}}{(1-q^{i_1+i_2})(1-q^{i_2+i_3})\dots(1-q^{i_{n-1}+i_n})(1-q^{i_n+i_1})}.$$
...
- 2,188
7
votes
0
answers
203
views
Permutations which change the value of a convergent series
I'm interested in the following combinatorial problem: What is a necessary and sufficent condition on a permutation $\sigma : \mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{N}$, so that there exist a summable ...
- 71
7
votes
0
answers
327
views
About the first decimal of $\sqrt {n!}$
Do we have :
$$\sup\{\sqrt {n!} - E(\sqrt {n!}); n\in I\!\!N\}=1?$$
Where $E(\cdot)$ is the integer part function, and $n!=1\times 2...\times n$.
- 79
6
votes
3
answers
11k
views
Sums of uncountably many real numbers [closed]
Suppose $S$ is an uncountable set, and $f$ is a function from $S$ to the positive real numbers. Define the sum of $f$ over $S$ to be the supremum of $\sum_{x \in N} f(x)$ as $N$ ranges over all ...
- 15.4k
6
votes
3
answers
1k
views
Is there an entropy proof for bounding a weighted sum of binomial coefficients?
Given a probability $p \in (0,1)$ and parameter $\alpha \in (0,1)$, is there an entropy-based proof which yields a good upper bound for the sum
$$\sum_{\ell = 0}^{\alpha n} \binom{n}{\ell}p^\ell(1-p)^{...
- 557
6
votes
1
answer
234
views
What about of periodic points of $\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{\mu(n)}{n}x^n$, $0<x<1$, where $\mu(n)$ is the Möbius function?
Let $\mu(n)$ the Möbius function, we define $F:[0,1]\to[0,1]$ as $$F(x)=\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{\mu(n)}{n}x^n.\tag{1}$$
For a function of this kind (I presume that this continuous function has image $[...
user75829
6
votes
1
answer
351
views
Looking for infinite series resembling an exponential
I'm looking for some $f(x)$ that has the following property:
$\sum_{x=1}^\infty f(kx) = r^k$
for some real $0 < r < 1$, and at least for strictly positive integer $k$.
Does such an $f(x)$ ...
- 4,897
6
votes
1
answer
392
views
How to show that $\log 2(1/2\log 2\log 4 + 1/3\log 3\log 6 + \dotsb) + 1/2\log 2 - 1/3\log 3 + 1/4\log 4 - \dotsb = 1/\log 2$ [closed]
I've been studying Ramanujan's work and I stumbled upon this question in the book: Collected Papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan. In there I found question number 769 which is about an infinite sum with ...
6
votes
3
answers
536
views
A need for analytic continuation of a finite sum function
Let $\varphi(n):=(-1)^{n+1}(n+1)2^{2n}$.
I am able to prove the following identity (${\color{red}{\mathbf{LHS}}}$=infinite series, ${\color{blue}{\mathbf{RHS}}}$=finite sum)
\begin{align*}
{\color{red}...
- 43.2k
6
votes
2
answers
380
views
Proving convergence of solution of a fixed point equation
I encountered a nasty sequence $(x_n)_{n=1}^\infty $ defined as the smallest positive fixed point of the fixed point equation $ x_n = f_n(x_n) $, where $f_n$ is given by
$$ f_n(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{\...
- 61
6
votes
2
answers
319
views
Does control on the “magnitude” of the rearrangement give control of the rearranged Cesaro sums?
Let $a_n$ be a nonnegative sequence that Cesaro converges to $K > 0$. We recall this means
$$\frac{1}{N} \sum_{n = 1}^N a_n \to K$$
as $N \to \infty$.
Suppose $a_{\phi_n}$ with $\phi: \mathbb N \to ...
- 6,215
6
votes
3
answers
626
views
Alternating power series $\sum_{k\geq 0}(-1)^k z^{(2k+1)^2}$
Suppose that $f(x):=\sum_{k\geq 0}(-1)^ke^{-(2k+1)^2x}$ has a holomorphic continuation to a neighborhood of $0$, that is, $f(x)=\sum_{n\geq 0}a_n x^n$ for $x> 0$ small. I want to know the value of $...
- 61
6
votes
1
answer
340
views
Inequality for functions on [0,1], continued
Let $0<a<1,\; \psi_a(x)=\displaystyle \prod_{j=0}^\infty (1-a^jx).$ For each $ k\in \mathbb{N},$ set
$$f_k(a;x):=\frac{x^k}{(1-a)(1-a^2)\dots (1-a^k)}\,\psi_a(x).$$
Question. Is it true that, ...
- 783
6
votes
1
answer
260
views
bounding derivative of a sequence
I've been banging my head against the wall on this one ... define a sequence of polynomials $q_n$ by $q_0 = 0$ and $$q_{n+1} = q_n + .5(t^2 - q_n^2).$$ If $q_n \leq t$ on $[0,1]$ then $$.5(t^2 - q_n^2)...
- 42.8k
6
votes
1
answer
363
views
Double Series involving Gamma function
Does anyone have any ideas on howto verify $$\sum_{n,m=0}^\infty \frac{\Gamma(n+m+3x)}{\Gamma(n+1+x)\Gamma(m+1+x)}\cdot \frac{1}{3^{n+m+3x-1}} = \Gamma(x)$$ for $x>0$?
I posted this question also ...
- 284
6
votes
1
answer
152
views
Terminology for sequences/functions that approach each other
What do I call two sequences $a, b$ such that $\lim_{n\to\infty} |a_n - b_n| = 0$? Or what do I call two functions $f, g$ such that $\lim_{x\to c} |f(x) - g(x)| = 0$? (For my purposes, these are ...
- 2,754
6
votes
1
answer
308
views
Operation preserving log-concavity of sequences
Here a log-concave sequence $(a_0,a_1,a_2,\ldots)$ is a sequence of positive real numbers such that $a_i^2 \geq a_{i-1}a_{i+1}$ for each $i\geq 1$. These are pervasive within mathematics.
A polynomial ...
- 1,889
6
votes
1
answer
196
views
Circular sequences continuous?
I noticed something interesting when playing around with Mathematica.
Consider the sum
$$x(N)= \frac{1}{N^2} \sum_{i=1}^{N-1} \frac{1}{1-\cos(2\pi i/N)}$$
this sequence will converge to $1/6$ as $N$...
user121558
6
votes
1
answer
906
views
A problem on rate of decay of fill distance?
Let $X$ be a random variable with values in a closed compact $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^m$. Assume $\Omega$ is has a Lipschitz boundary. Let $p(x)$ be the probability density function of $X$ and ...
- 698
6
votes
1
answer
223
views
Asympotic density of a very simple sequence
Let $A=\{mn(m+n)\mid n,m\in \mathbb{N}_0\}$. Sorted, this is OEIS sequence A088915. What is its asymptotic behavior? It seems approximately $a(n)=O(n^{1.5})$, but not quite.
I'm actually even more ...
- 5,103
6
votes
0
answers
2k
views
Do smooth cutoff functions analytically continue functions?
My goal is to prove (or disprove) that sufficiently smooth and quickly decaying cutoff functions being tacked on to a Taylor series correctly extend the radius of convergence to the analytic ...
- 1,730
6
votes
0
answers
283
views
Is the arithmetic-geometric mean of 1 and 2 rational?
It is easy to show that, for two fixed real numbers $\alpha, \beta > 0$, the sequences given by $a_ 1 = \frac{\alpha + \beta }{2}$, $ g_1 = \sqrt{\alpha\beta}$, and $a_{n+1} = \frac{a_n + g_n}{2}$, ...
- 161
6
votes
0
answers
267
views
Convergence of $\sum_{n=1}^\infty x_n^k$
I thought that this question is more suitable for MSE, and asked it there. (Link to the MSE question) However, it does not get any answer despite the upvotes. It appears that I might have ...
- 1,755
5
votes
2
answers
874
views
Searching for a proof for a series identity
The below identity I have found experimentally.
Question. Is this true? If so, may you provide a "slick" (or any) proof.
$$6\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{k^2q^k}{(1-q^k)^2}+12\left(\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}...
- 43.2k
5
votes
1
answer
279
views
Is there a theorem which provides conditions under which a power series satisfies the reciprocal root sum law?
Kalman - Six ways to sum a series discusses Euler's original proof for the Basel problem $\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^2}=\frac{\pi^2}{6} $:
$$\frac{\sin(\sqrt x)}{\sqrt x} = 1- \frac{x}{3!}+ \...
- 541
5
votes
1
answer
674
views
Is this infinite product entire?
Let $(z_i)$ be a square-summable sequence which is even summable but not absolute summable, i.e. $\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \vert z_i \vert = \infty$,$\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \vert z_i \vert^2 < \infty$ and $...
- 73
5
votes
1
answer
680
views
When does this interesting sum diverge?
For $x \gt 0,$ what is the greatest $y$ such that $$\sum_ {1\le h^x \le k^y} \frac{1}{h^x k^y}= \infty ?$$
I don't know of any references or methods for this -- not even for $x=1$, for which the ...
- 3,443
5
votes
2
answers
223
views
Continuous functions on $[0,1]^\omega$ and a product lower bound
I have a concrete question about continuous functions on $X = [0,1]^\omega$ (with the product topology).
The map $f:X\to [0, 1]$ given by $(x_i)\mapsto \prod x_i$ is well-defined and Borel but not ...
- 53
5
votes
1
answer
882
views
Two integral representations for $\zeta(3)$ from Zurab's integral and standard formulas for the gamma function
This morning I wrote with the help of a CAS, and integral representation for the Apéry's constant $\zeta(3)$ and some standard formulas two formulas involving this constant. I would like to know if ...
user75829
5
votes
1
answer
326
views
Does Cesaro convergence along all arithmetic progressions imply convergence on a full density subsequence?
Suppose $\{x_n\}_{n \geq 1}$ is a real valued sequence such that for every $a, r \in \mathbb Z_+$, we have that
$$\lim_{N \to \infty} \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i = 0}^{N-1} x_{a + ir}$$
exists and equals $L$ ...
- 6,215
5
votes
1
answer
451
views
Riemann rearrangement theorem with restricted choices
Note: For convenience, all sequences will be indexed by the positive integers $\mathbb Z_+$.
Definitions and some motivation:
The Riemann rearrangement theorem says that if we have a sequence that is ...
- 6,215
5
votes
1
answer
618
views
Is the harmonic series worse than any summable series?
It is well-known that the harmonic series is not summable. In some sense this means that it takes a lot of rather large values.
We define the operator $F_{\varepsilon}: \ell^{\infty}(\mathbb N) \...
- 536
5
votes
2
answers
386
views
A restricted version of Riemann series theorem: rearrangements with alternating signs
If $(a_{n})$ is a conditionally convergent series in real field, then for any real number $\alpha$, there exists a rearrangement $(a_{k_{n}})$ of $(a_{n})$ such that for all even $n$, $a_{k_{n}} \geq ...
- 129
5
votes
1
answer
229
views
Does this infinite sum arising from separation of variables converge?
This problem came up in a PDE where I used separation of variables to formally get a solution. Now I need to know whether that formal solution is sensible.
Let $a_k >0$ be an increasing sequence ...
- 53
5
votes
2
answers
4k
views
Bounded sequences with divergent Cesàro mean
It is well known that there are bounded sequences with divergent Cesàro mean, i.e., a bounded $a_n$ for which given $$c_N := \frac{1}{N}\sum_{n=1}^N a_n,$$ the sequence $(c_N)_{N\geq1}$ has no limit. ...
- 702
5
votes
2
answers
1k
views
Summation of double exponential series
Let $q \in (0,1)$ and consider the following summation:
$$S(q,n) = \sum_{i=1}^n {q^2}^i$$
Is there a closed form expression or upper and lower bounds for $S(q,n)$?
Specifically, I am looking for ...
- 519
5
votes
3
answers
668
views
Continuity and sequential continuity of a linear functional
Let $E = C_c^0(\mathbb{R}^n;\mathbb{R}^m)$ be the space of compactly supported continuous functions on $\mathbb{R}^n$ with values on $\mathbb{R}^m$. There is a natural norm on this space: given $\...
- 2,095
5
votes
0
answers
285
views
How do you go about making ranges (for integer variables) independent?
Basic question: say you have a sum
$$\sum_{n_1 n_2 \dotsb n_k \leq x} f(n_1,\dotsc,n_k),$$
where $f$ decomposes in some sense (say: $f(n_1,\dotsc,n_k) = g(n_1) + \dotsb + g(n_k)$, or $f(n_1,\dotsc,n_k)...
- 20.2k
5
votes
0
answers
162
views
Closed formula for series $\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^i-y^i}$
What can be said about $\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^i-y^i}$ (for $|x|>1$ and $|y|>1$ and $x\neq y$)?
Is there a kind of closed formula for this?
By comparing to the geometric series, this sum ...
- 139