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2 votes
1 answer
120 views

Difference between finite partial sums from two divergent series

Fix a sequence $(r_i)_{i\in\mathbb{N}} \subseteq (0, 1)$ such that $\lim_i r_i=0$ and $\sum_{i\in \mathbb{N}} r_i=\infty$. According to the answer in this post, for any $c>0$ there exists $N,M\in\...
0 votes
1 answer
135 views

On polynomial equation of fourth order depending on two parameters and bound on a maximal root

I would like to apologize in advance for a too technical question. Let us consider the following fourth order polynomial equation in $x$: \begin{eqnarray} F(x) \equiv (2 a p +2)x^4+ (6a(1-a)p^...
4 votes
0 answers
140 views

Condition under a function is uniquely identifiable by the supremum values

Let $f(x),g(x)$ be two real-valued functions on $\mathbb{R}$ and $h(x,y)$ be a real-valued function on the plane. We can assume continuity (maybe piecewise differentiability also) of these functions. ...
0 votes
0 answers
84 views

Question on approximation of norms

Suppose that $E\in Int[L_{p},L_{q}]$ for some $1<p<q<\infty$ and $E$ is $w$-concave with $1<w<\infty$. It is well-known that for each $r\geq w$, we have $E=L_{r}\odot F_{r}$ for some ...
13 votes
2 answers
1k views

Probability vector $p$ majorizes its normalized entropy vector $\small \frac{-p\log p}{H(p)}$

I guess the following inequality $$ \sum_{i=1}^n g \left (\frac{-p_i \log p_i}{H(\boldsymbol{p})} \right ) \le \sum_{i=1}^n g (p_i)$$ holds for any continuous convex function $g$ and any probability ...
13 votes
0 answers
710 views

Minimizing total variation under constraint

For $p\in[0,1]$, we write $\mathrm{Ber}(p)$ to denote the Bernoulli measure on $\{0,1\}$; that is, $\mathrm{Ber}(p)(0)=1-p$, $\mathrm{Ber}(p)(1)=p$. For $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and $p=(p_1,\ldots,p_n)\in[0,1]...
15 votes
0 answers
244 views

Natural examples of Borel surjections without right inverse

As discussed in this question, in general a Borel surjection $f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ may not have a Borel right inverse, namely a $g$ such that $f\circ g=id$, although there is always a ...
8 votes
1 answer
449 views

What do smooth signatures give you?

My background is in rough paths theory. In short, if you have an irregular function $f:[0,T]\to\mathbb R^d$ and you want to make sense of integrals $\int_s^t \cdot \ df(r)$, the right objects that are ...
3 votes
1 answer
157 views

How can discrete Fourier transform approximation prove the completeness of complex exponentials in $L^2(T)$?

I have a question about the completeness of complex exponentials in function spaces. For the discrete set $ S = \{1, 2, \ldots, n\} $, it is clear and intuitive that $ e^{2\pi ikx/n} $ for $ k = 0, 1, ...
4 votes
0 answers
198 views

When a null uncountable set can be image of some increasing function with discontinuities on a dense countable set

Consider the following result: A: Let $f:D \to \mathbb R$ be an increasing function with discontinuities on a dense countable subset of $D$ such that the jump values sum to $\mu(D)$, where $D$ is a ...
5 votes
1 answer
355 views

Verify $ \limsup_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+} \int_{D}\frac{1}{\sqrt{(x-(1-\epsilon))^2 +y^2}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}} \, dx \, dy <+\infty$

I want to know whether or not $$ \limsup_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+} \int_{D}\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{(x-(1-\epsilon))^2 +y^2}} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}} \, dx \, dy <+\infty.$$ Here $D $ denotes the ...
2 votes
0 answers
80 views

Prove uniqueness of Radon transform without using Fourier transform

The uniqueness of Radon transform can be expressed by the following claim (I assumed that the function has compact support for simplicity): If a continuous function with compact support has zero ...
1 vote
1 answer
191 views

Comparison of solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations with different initial conditions

Consider a Hamilton-Jacobi equation: $$u_{t} + f(u_{x}) = 0 \quad (x,t) \in \mathbb{R}\times [0,+\infty)$$ with two possible initial conditions $u(x,0) = g_{i}(x)$ for $x \in \mathbb{R}$ and $i=1,2$. ...
1 vote
1 answer
493 views

Sufficient and necessary conditions for decomposing the sum of random variables

Given two $n$-tuple vectors $\vec{\alpha}=(\alpha_1,\cdots,\alpha_n)$ and $\vec{h}=(h_1,\cdots,h_n)$, where $h_i\ge0$, $\sum_{i=1}^nh_i=1$, and $\alpha_i\in(0,1)$, we consider a random variable $S$ on ...
0 votes
0 answers
36 views

Derivate involving Bessel function of second type

Let. $$f := (x, y) \mapsto \text{BesselK}(1, c \cdot (a - b \cdot (x + y))) \cdot \exp(c \cdot b \cdot (y - x))$$ Is there a close formula for this $$\frac{\partial^{m+n}}{\partial y^m \partial x^n} f(...
2 votes
0 answers
57 views

Mappings that preserve local or global minimum

In the most general form, I'm interested in any non-trivial results of the following question. Consider metric space $X$ and $Y$, denote all real valued functions on $X$ and $Y$ as $\mathbb{R}^{X}$ ...
7 votes
1 answer
352 views

Tight upper bounds on trigonometric polynomials

According to D. Hajela's chapter in Open Problems in Communications and Computation the following question was open as of the late 1980s. I have been unable to find any references so any results or ...
3 votes
1 answer
176 views

Question about Lebesgue Bochner spaces

Let $T>0$ and $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^N$ be a bounded domain. Also $p\in (1,\infty)$ is any number. I know that $u\in L^{p}((0,T);L^p(\Omega))$ and $\nabla u\in L^{p}((0,T);L^p(\Omega))^N$. How ...
6 votes
1 answer
388 views

Decimal expansion definition of real numbers, constructively

The two most common definitions of $\mathbb{R}$ are as Dedekind cuts or Cauchy sequences of rational numbers. A real analysis student of mine is working out of the book Real Analysis and Applications ...
2 votes
1 answer
117 views

Special density on $L^2$

Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^N$ be a bounded domain, and $u\in L^2(\Omega)$ with $0\leq u(x)\leq 1$ a.e. on $\Omega$. It is well known that $C^{\infty}_c(\Omega)$ is dense in $L^2(\Omega)$. Because $C^...
3 votes
0 answers
118 views

A matrix-valued analogue of a classical inequality

Let $p \geq 4$ be an even integer. In the study of variational problems in $W^{1, p}$, it is handy to know that for $a, b \in \mathbb R^d$, $$|a - b|^p \leq 2^{p - 1} (|a|^{p - 2} + |b|^{p - 2}) |a - ...
4 votes
1 answer
551 views

Is there an explicit, everywhere surjective $f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ whose graph has zero Hausdorff measure in its dimension?

Suppose $f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ is Borel. Let $\text{dim}_{\text{H}}(\cdot)$ be the Hausdorff dimension, and $\mathcal{H}^{\text{dim}_{\text{H}}(\cdot)}(\cdot)$ be the Hausdorff measure in its ...
3 votes
1 answer
175 views

Convergence rate of the sum of squares of inverse distances of random points which become dense in a region

$n$ points $\{X_i\}$ are drawn at random from a uniform distribution over a domain $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^m$ with a Lipschitz boundary. $D_n$ is defined as $$D_n = \sqrt{\frac{1}{\sum\limits_{1\le ...
1 vote
1 answer
132 views

Can I find $n$ points on the boundary of an $n$-dimensional ball with certain properties?

My problem is the following: I want to construct $n$ rays all starting at a point $v$ that is not in the $n$-dimensional ball around $0$ such that the following is true: The $n$-dimensional ball is a ...
2 votes
0 answers
94 views

A surprisingly simple and difficult problem on sums of upper bounds

Let $T$ be a large integer, and $C$ be a positive real constant. Consider a sequence $\{p_t\}_{T\geq t\geq 1}$ of real numbers in $[0,1]$. The sequence $\{b_t\}_{T\geq t\geq 1}$ can be defined as ...
7 votes
1 answer
736 views

Should coffee machines be deconcentrated?

We model some region by convex and compact $E\subset \mathbb R^2$. $N\ge 1$ coffee machines are provided for the people living on $E$, of capacities $\alpha_1,\ldots, \alpha_N>0$. Assume the ...
0 votes
1 answer
170 views

Summation of binomial coefficients with alternating signs

For a fixed $\alpha > 1$ and integer $n$, I want to provide some bounds or scaling results for the following summations $$S_1(n,\alpha) = \sum_{k = 1}^{n} {n \choose k} (-1)^{k + 1} k / (\alpha k + ...
2 votes
0 answers
67 views

'Sublinear' and 'superlinear' moduli of continuity

Recall, given a metric space $X$, a function $f:X \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ has (uniform) modulus of continuity $w:[0,\infty) \rightarrow [0,\infty]$ if $|f(x) - f(y)| < w(|x-y|)$ for all $x,y \in X$....
5 votes
0 answers
104 views

Convolution of a bounded function and measures

Given a function $f\in L^\infty(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and a family of Radon measure $\mu_\alpha$, under what condition do we have $f*\mu_\alpha$ equi-continuous? One condition I know is if $\mu_\alpha$ has a ...
0 votes
1 answer
396 views

Distance function and its approximation

An easy and quick question: Consider a function $u\in C(\Omega)$, where $\Omega$ is a bounded domain in $\mathbb{R}^n$. Define a function $Q$ that measures the distance of a point $(x,y) \in\mathbb{...
6 votes
0 answers
632 views

Generating functions in countable commutative monoids

Let $f: \mathbb{N}_0 \rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ be a function. The power series of $f$ can be viewed as the function $\mathscr{P}_f : q \mapsto \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0}^{} f(n)q^n$ where $q \in \mathbb{...
6 votes
0 answers
156 views

Generalized Rademacher theorem for fractional derivatives

It is known that if $f$ is $\alpha$ Holder and $\gamma<\alpha$ then $f$ is $\gamma$ fractional differentiable. See Theorem 14 in the paper by G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood, "Some properties ...
4 votes
1 answer
506 views

Degree four polynomials with no real roots

Consider a degree four polynomial $$ f = a_4x^4 + a_3x^3 + a_2x^2 + a_1x+ a_0 \in \mathbb{R}[x] $$ with real coefficients. The discriminant $\Delta_f$ of $f$ is a homogeneous polynomials of degree six ...
3 votes
0 answers
167 views

Bounding the $L^{p*}$ norm from below for functions satisfying a $p$-capacity estimate

If $1 \le p < n$, the $p$-capacity of a compact set $A \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ with respect to an open set $U$ containing it is defined as $$\text{Cap}_p(A, U) := \inf \left\{\int_U |\nabla u|^p \, ...
2 votes
1 answer
130 views

A function with one partial derivative Hölder continuous is Hölder continuous?

I'm having trouble finding a function of two variables, say $u(t,x)$, such that for some $\alpha\in ]0,1]$ 1. $(t,x)\mapsto \partial_x^2 u(t,x)$ is $C^{0,\alpha}$; 2. $(t,x)\mapsto \partial_x u(t,x)...
6 votes
1 answer
197 views

On elliptic operators on non-compact manifolds

Let $(M,g)$ be a (connected, oriented) Riemannian manifold and $E$ some finite-rank $\mathbb{R}$- or $\mathbb{C}$-vector bundle equipped with some (positive-definite) inner product on the level of (...
4 votes
1 answer
227 views

Continuity upgrade for nonlinear maps

Let $E,F,G$ be topological vector spaces such that $F\subset G$ with continuous embedding. By continuity upgrade I mean the following phenomenon: In some circumstances a continuous linear map $f:E\...
0 votes
0 answers
73 views

Tight tail bounds for sums of random variables

Let $X_1, X_2, \dots$ be iid uniformly on $[0,1]$. Define $Z_i^{(a)} = (X_i - a)^2$. Let $Y_n = \sum_{k=1}^n Z_k^{(1/k)}$. I am interested in matching tail bounds for $Y_n$ as $n \to \infty$. In ...
4 votes
1 answer
144 views

Asymptotic decay rate of an oscillator integral

Question: I want to evaluate the decay estimate of the integral $I^d(t; v) = \int_0^{\sqrt{d}\pi} dr \, r^{d-2} \int_0^\pi \sin(tr) e^{i\sqrt{d}vtr\cos\theta} \sin^{d-2}\theta \, d\theta $ for ...
2 votes
0 answers
58 views

An s-convex function lying between two convex functions

Let $f: \mathbb R_{+} \to \mathbb R_{+}$ be an $s$-function in the second sense, i.e., $$ f(\lambda x +(1-\lambda)y) \leq \lambda^s f(x) +(1-\lambda)^s f(y)$$ for every $\lambda \in (0,1)$. Assume ...
5 votes
0 answers
167 views

Bounding elementary symmetric polynomials away from zero

Let $2 \leq m \leq n$ be integers and let $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^n$ (importantly, I am not assuming that the entries of $\mathbf{x}$ are non-negative). The elementary symmetric polynomials are ...
1 vote
2 answers
231 views

A real root of a cubic equation for a stationary point

Let us consider the quartic polynomial in $x$ \begin{equation} F(x) = (2 a p +2)x^4+ (6a(1-a)p^2+(6-12a)p-6)x^3 + p(2(a-2)(a-1)a p^2 + 3(5a^2-9a+2)p +12a-18)x^2 - p^2 ((a-2)(4a^2 ...
0 votes
0 answers
54 views

Inequality between inverses of real functions

Let $s\geq 0$ and $$ f(x)=-\log(x) \quad\text{an}\quad g(x)= \log(\log(1/x)+1)$$ for all $x\in(0,1)$. Is there exists $C_s>0$ such that for all $x,y\in(0,1)$, $$ f^{-1}(s g(x)) \cdot f^{-1}(s g(y))...
54 votes
4 answers
12k views

Everywhere differentiable function that is nowhere monotonic

It is well known that there are functions $f \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ that are everywhere continuous but nowhere monotonic (i.e. the restriction of $f$ to any non-trivial interval $[a,b]$ is ...
1 vote
2 answers
209 views

Approximate simple function $f$ by a sequence of continuous functions on $\mathbb{R}^d$ such that $\|f_n\|_\infty\leq \|f\|_\infty$

Let $f=\sum_{i=1}^n c_i 1_{\Delta_i}$ be a simple function on $\mathbb{R}^d$, where $c_i\in\mathbb{C}$. Then we can find sequnces of continuous functions $\{f_k^{(i)}\}$ for each $i=1,\ldots,n$ such ...
1 vote
0 answers
100 views

Difference of two completely monotonic functions

We know by the Hausdorff-Bernstein-Widder theorem that any completely monotonic function on the positive half line $[0, \infty)$ is given by the Laplace transform of a positive Borel measure on $[0, \...
7 votes
5 answers
513 views

Probability of $\operatorname{Bin}(n,p)=\operatorname{Bin}(n,q)$ is decreasing when $n$ increases

$\newcommand{\Bin}{\operatorname{Bin}}$I would like to show that $\mathbb P(\operatorname{Binomial}(n,p) = \operatorname{Binomial}(n,q))$ decreases when $n$ increases for a fixed pair $(p,q)$. This ...
0 votes
0 answers
237 views

Pair of real functions satisfying some conditions

Consider two functions $\psi$ and $\varphi$ defined on the interval $(0,c)$ where $c\in(0,+\infty)$ and they exhibit the following characteristics: $\psi$ and $\varphi$ are continuous, positive, and ...
15 votes
1 answer
1k views

Borel-Écalle re-summation and resurgence: criteria and results

This is about the theory of Borel-Écalle re-summation and resurgence, see Refs below. This states that the perturbative series (say of the vacuum expectation value of an operator $\mathcal{O}$ in ...
2 votes
0 answers
29 views

Steiner symmetrization of smooth function on non-simply connected regions

Given a smooth function $u$ defined on $\mathbb{R}^2$, restrict $u$ to a subset $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^2$ (possibly not simply connected) foliated by level sets of a smooth function $\psi: \Omega \...

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