All Questions
6,016 questions
20
votes
1
answer
2k
views
How rich is the richest person in a society satisfying the Pareto principle?
The Pareto Principle roughly states that in many societies, the top 20% of people hold over 80% of the wealth. Suppose we had a society that satisfied this principle in every stratum of society - how ...
- 6,155
0
votes
0
answers
52
views
References on a variant of Geometric Calculus
Geometric algebra and (standard) calculus, when synthesized, give rise to geometric calculus, a very powerful formalism.
I have read a bit about fractional calculus and time-scale calculus, both very ...
user537376
0
votes
1
answer
128
views
Characterizing the integral as a function of $n$
Let $\alpha \in [0,3], \beta \geq 1, \lambda \geq 1$ and fix $n \in \mathbb{N}$. Consider the function $f(x;\alpha, \beta, \lambda) = x^{\alpha}\exp(-\lambda x^\beta)$. Let $I(n; \alpha,\beta,\lambda) ...
- 25
2
votes
0
answers
120
views
On mollifiers acting between $L^2$ and Sobolev spaces
(I'm reposting here this question from MSE as it didn't receive any answer for two weeks.)
Consider a sequence of finite lattices in $\mathbb{R}^n$ defined by
$$L_k= [-k,k]^n \cap 2^{-k}\cdot \mathbb{...
- 505
3
votes
1
answer
224
views
Extension of Sobolev function defined on unit cube
Im wondering about theorems concerning extending Sobolev functions defined on the $d$-dimensional unit cube to all of $\mathbb{R}^d$. More precisely, given $f:[0,1]^d \to \mathbb{R}$ with $f\in H^k([0,...
- 93
10
votes
1
answer
1k
views
A strange Lipschitz function
Let $n \geq 3$. Does there exist a Lipschitz function $f: \mathbb R^n \to \mathbb R$ such that the following conditions hold?
The origin is a weak Lebesgue point of $\nabla f$, in the sense that the ...
- 6,155
0
votes
0
answers
42
views
Is this function $\mathcal{C}^1$ in the global sense?
Denote by $\mathbb{U}$ the complex unit disk. Let $\mathcal{O}$ an nonempty open subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ $(n\geq 1)$, and $f\in\mathcal{C}^1(\mathcal{O}\times\mathbb{R},\mathbb{U})$ such that for all ...
- 449
5
votes
1
answer
174
views
Do the zeroes of some hypergeometric functions interlace?
Confluent hypergeometric functions differing from $F={}_1F_1(a,b,z)$ by $\pm1$ in either parameter $a$ or $b$ are called contiguous to $F$. For rational $a, b$, assume I know $z_0$ is a zero of $F$. ...
3
votes
1
answer
187
views
Is this property preserved under weak$^*$ convergence?
Let $1 \le p < n$ and let $p^*$ be the Sobolev conjugate of $p$, i.e. $p^* = np/(n - p)$. Let $(\Omega_m)$ be an increasing sequence of bounded, convex and open sets such that $$ \lim_{m \to \infty}...
0
votes
0
answers
30
views
Analytic / algebraic characterization of the limiting value of the unique nonnegative root of a polynomial
I'm interested in the following problem which arises from some "random matrix theory" calculations. Let $\phi,s_1,s_2, p > 0$ with $p \in [0,1]$, and set $p_1=p$, $p_2=1-p$, and $q_k := ...
- 6,853
15
votes
1
answer
649
views
On minimal eigenvalue
Is it true that $\min\left(\lambda_{\min}(M_{12}),\lambda_{\min}(M_{13}),\lambda_{\min}(M_{23})\right) \le \frac{7}{20}$ where $M_{ij}$ is the matrix obtained by selecting the entries at the ...
- 178
2
votes
1
answer
120
views
Difference between finite partial sums from two divergent series
Fix a sequence $(r_i)_{i\in\mathbb{N}} \subseteq (0, 1)$ such that $\lim_i r_i=0$ and $\sum_{i\in \mathbb{N}} r_i=\infty$. According to the answer in this post, for any $c>0$ there exists $N,M\in\...
- 307
13
votes
2
answers
813
views
A dichotomy for everywhere differentiable eikonal functions
Let $f: \mathbb R^n \to \mathbb R$ be everywhere differentiable, with $|\nabla f| = 1$ almost everywhere. Is it true that $|\nabla f| = 0$ or $1$ everywhere?
- 6,155
2
votes
1
answer
474
views
Polynomial $f(x)$ has positive coefficients and only real roots. How many polynomials formed from terms of $f(x)$ also have only real roots?
Let
$$f(x)=a_n \ x^n+a_{n-1} \ x^{n-1}+\cdots+a_1 \ x+a_0$$
be a $n$-th degree polynomial with positive coefficients such that all of its roots are real. Choose any number terms from this expression ($...
1
vote
1
answer
58
views
Proving one one condition for the Gaussian mixture model
$\textbf{Question:}$ Consider the following matrix representation for a two-component bivariate Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM):
$S = \begin{bmatrix}
A & X \\
X' & B
\end{bmatrix}$
where
$A = \...
- 123
4
votes
0
answers
140
views
Condition under a function is uniquely identifiable by the supremum values
Let $f(x),g(x)$ be two real-valued functions on $\mathbb{R}$ and $h(x,y)$ be a real-valued function on the plane. We can assume continuity (maybe piecewise differentiability also) of these functions. ...
- 271
7
votes
4
answers
557
views
Reference request: "Higher order eigentuples" as generalized eigenvectors?
I stumbled upon a cute generalization of the eigenvalue problem and would like to know if anybody has seen something like this and can provide references.
The eigenvalue problem for a square matrix $M$...
- 12.7k
7
votes
2
answers
706
views
Poisson binomial conjecture
Let $X_i\in\{0,1\}$
be mutually independent and distributed according to $\mathrm{Bernoulli}(p_i)$
and similarly, $Y_i\sim\mathrm{Bernoulli}(q_i)$,
for some parameters $p,q\in[0,1]^n$. Put $X:=\sum_{i=...
- 6,541
0
votes
0
answers
84
views
Question on approximation of norms
Suppose that $E\in Int[L_{p},L_{q}]$ for some $1<p<q<\infty$ and $E$ is $w$-concave with $1<w<\infty$. It is well-known that for each $r\geq w$, we have $E=L_{r}\odot F_{r}$ for some ...
- 45
8
votes
1
answer
449
views
What do smooth signatures give you?
My background is in rough paths theory.
In short, if you have an irregular function $f:[0,T]\to\mathbb R^d$ and you want to make sense of integrals $\int_s^t \cdot \ df(r)$, the right objects that are ...
- 1,904
15
votes
0
answers
244
views
Natural examples of Borel surjections without right inverse
As discussed in this question, in general a Borel surjection $f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ may not have a Borel right inverse, namely a $g$ such that $f\circ g=id$, although there is always a ...
- 623
1
vote
1
answer
130
views
Existence of solutions to a series of integral equations
I am trying to solve the following integral equation analytically:
$$
\sum_{n \geq 1} \left( \int_0^te^{-n^2(t-s)} f_n(s) \, ds \right) = g(t), \quad t \in [0, T],
$$
where $(f_n(t))_n$ is the unknown ...
- 617
3
votes
1
answer
157
views
How can discrete Fourier transform approximation prove the completeness of complex exponentials in $L^2(T)$?
I have a question about the completeness of complex exponentials in function spaces.
For the discrete set $ S = \{1, 2, \ldots, n\} $, it is clear and intuitive that $ e^{2\pi ikx/n} $ for $ k = 0, 1, ...
- 807
2
votes
0
answers
80
views
Prove uniqueness of Radon transform without using Fourier transform
The uniqueness of Radon transform can be expressed by the following claim (I assumed that the function has compact support for simplicity):
If a continuous function with compact support has zero ...
- 807
4
votes
0
answers
198
views
When a null uncountable set can be image of some increasing function with discontinuities on a dense countable set
Consider the following result:
A: Let $f:D \to \mathbb R$ be an increasing function with discontinuities on a dense countable subset of $D$ such that the jump values sum to $\mu(D)$, where $D$ is a ...
- 303
0
votes
0
answers
36
views
Derivate involving Bessel function of second type
Let.
$$f := (x, y) \mapsto \text{BesselK}(1, c \cdot (a - b \cdot (x + y))) \cdot \exp(c \cdot b \cdot (y - x))$$
Is there a close formula for this $$\frac{\partial^{m+n}}{\partial y^m \partial x^n} f(...
- 113
5
votes
1
answer
355
views
Verify $ \limsup_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+} \int_{D}\frac{1}{\sqrt{(x-(1-\epsilon))^2 +y^2}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}} \, dx \, dy <+\infty$
I want to know whether or not
$$ \limsup_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+} \int_{D}\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{(x-(1-\epsilon))^2 +y^2}} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}} \, dx \, dy <+\infty.$$
Here $D $ denotes the ...
- 61
13
votes
2
answers
1k
views
Probability vector $p$ majorizes its normalized entropy vector $\small \frac{-p\log p}{H(p)}$
I guess the following inequality
$$ \sum_{i=1}^n g \left (\frac{-p_i \log p_i}{H(\boldsymbol{p})} \right ) \le \sum_{i=1}^n g (p_i)$$
holds for any continuous convex function $g$ and any probability ...
- 303
2
votes
0
answers
57
views
Mappings that preserve local or global minimum
In the most general form, I'm interested in any non-trivial results of the following question.
Consider metric space $X$ and $Y$, denote all real valued functions on $X$ and $Y$ as $\mathbb{R}^{X}$ ...
- 275
13
votes
0
answers
710
views
Minimizing total variation under constraint
For $p\in[0,1]$, we write $\mathrm{Ber}(p)$
to denote the Bernoulli measure on $\{0,1\}$;
that is, $\mathrm{Ber}(p)(0)=1-p$,
$\mathrm{Ber}(p)(1)=p$.
For $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and $p=(p_1,\ldots,p_n)\in[0,1]...
- 6,541
6
votes
1
answer
388
views
Decimal expansion definition of real numbers, constructively
The two most common definitions of $\mathbb{R}$ are as Dedekind cuts or Cauchy sequences of rational numbers.
A real analysis student of mine is working out of the book Real Analysis and Applications ...
- 10.1k
3
votes
1
answer
176
views
Question about Lebesgue Bochner spaces
Let $T>0$ and $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^N$ be a bounded domain. Also $p\in (1,\infty)$ is any number.
I know that $u\in L^{p}((0,T);L^p(\Omega))$ and $\nabla u\in L^{p}((0,T);L^p(\Omega))^N$. How ...
- 1,759
2
votes
1
answer
117
views
Special density on $L^2$
Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^N$ be a bounded domain, and $u\in L^2(\Omega)$ with $0\leq u(x)\leq 1$ a.e. on $\Omega$. It is well known that $C^{\infty}_c(\Omega)$ is dense in $L^2(\Omega)$. Because $C^...
- 1,759
2
votes
0
answers
94
views
A surprisingly simple and difficult problem on sums of upper bounds
Let $T$ be a large integer, and $C$ be a positive real constant.
Consider a sequence $\{p_t\}_{T\geq t\geq 1}$ of real numbers in $[0,1]$. The sequence $\{b_t\}_{T\geq t\geq 1}$ can be defined as ...
- 353
3
votes
0
answers
118
views
A matrix-valued analogue of a classical inequality
Let $p \geq 4$ be an even integer. In the study of variational problems in $W^{1, p}$, it is handy to know that for $a, b \in \mathbb R^d$,
$$|a - b|^p \leq 2^{p - 1} (|a|^{p - 2} + |b|^{p - 2}) |a - ...
- 708
1
vote
1
answer
132
views
Can I find $n$ points on the boundary of an $n$-dimensional ball with certain properties?
My problem is the following: I want to construct $n$ rays all starting at a point $v$ that is not in the $n$-dimensional ball around $0$ such that the following is true:
The $n$-dimensional ball is a ...
4
votes
1
answer
551
views
Is there an explicit, everywhere surjective $f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ whose graph has zero Hausdorff measure in its dimension?
Suppose $f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ is Borel. Let $\text{dim}_{\text{H}}(\cdot)$ be the Hausdorff dimension, and $\mathcal{H}^{\text{dim}_{\text{H}}(\cdot)}(\cdot)$ be the Hausdorff measure in its ...
- 63
2
votes
0
answers
67
views
'Sublinear' and 'superlinear' moduli of continuity
Recall, given a metric space $X$, a function $f:X \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ has (uniform) modulus of continuity $w:[0,\infty) \rightarrow [0,\infty]$ if $|f(x) - f(y)| < w(|x-y|)$ for all $x,y \in X$....
- 135
5
votes
0
answers
104
views
Convolution of a bounded function and measures
Given a function $f\in L^\infty(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and a family of Radon measure $\mu_\alpha$, under what condition do we have $f*\mu_\alpha$ equi-continuous?
One condition I know is if $\mu_\alpha$ has a ...
- 375
0
votes
1
answer
170
views
Summation of binomial coefficients with alternating signs
For a fixed $\alpha > 1$ and integer $n$, I want to provide some bounds or scaling results for the following summations
$$S_1(n,\alpha) = \sum_{k = 1}^{n} {n \choose k} (-1)^{k + 1} k / (\alpha k + ...
- 25
21
votes
2
answers
2k
views
Boundedness of sum of sin(sin(n))
Playing with desmos I have accidentally noticed that the sequence of partial sums
$$\left\{ \sum_{n=1}^{N}\sin(\sin(n)) : N\geq 1 \right\}$$
is bounded.
However, I did not succeed in proving this ...
6
votes
0
answers
156
views
Generalized Rademacher theorem for fractional derivatives
It is known that if $f$ is $\alpha$ Holder and $\gamma<\alpha$ then $f$ is $\gamma$ fractional differentiable. See Theorem 14 in the paper by G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood, "Some properties ...
- 1,904
0
votes
0
answers
73
views
Tight tail bounds for sums of random variables
Let $X_1, X_2, \dots$ be iid uniformly on $[0,1]$. Define $Z_i^{(a)} = (X_i - a)^2$. Let $Y_n = \sum_{k=1}^n Z_k^{(1/k)}$. I am interested in matching tail bounds for $Y_n$ as $n \to \infty$. In ...
4
votes
1
answer
144
views
Asymptotic decay rate of an oscillator integral
Question:
I want to evaluate the decay estimate of the integral
$I^d(t; v) = \int_0^{\sqrt{d}\pi} dr \, r^{d-2} \int_0^\pi \sin(tr) e^{i\sqrt{d}vtr\cos\theta} \sin^{d-2}\theta \, d\theta $
for ...
- 81
5
votes
0
answers
167
views
Bounding elementary symmetric polynomials away from zero
Let $2 \leq m \leq n$ be integers and let $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^n$ (importantly, I am not assuming that the entries of $\mathbf{x}$ are non-negative). The elementary symmetric polynomials are ...
- 6,351
6
votes
1
answer
196
views
On elliptic operators on non-compact manifolds
Let $(M,g)$ be a (connected, oriented) Riemannian manifold and $E$ some finite-rank $\mathbb{R}$- or $\mathbb{C}$-vector bundle equipped with some (positive-definite) inner product on the level of (...
- 1,429
3
votes
1
answer
175
views
Convergence rate of the sum of squares of inverse distances of random points which become dense in a region
$n$ points $\{X_i\}$ are drawn at random from a uniform distribution over a domain $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^m$ with a Lipschitz boundary. $D_n$ is defined as $$D_n = \sqrt{\frac{1}{\sum\limits_{1\le ...
- 698
2
votes
0
answers
58
views
An s-convex function lying between two convex functions
Let $f: \mathbb R_{+} \to \mathbb R_{+}$ be an $s$-function in the second sense, i.e.,
$$ f(\lambda x +(1-\lambda)y) \leq \lambda^s f(x) +(1-\lambda)^s f(y)$$ for every $\lambda \in (0,1)$. Assume ...
- 55
0
votes
0
answers
54
views
Inequality between inverses of real functions
Let $s\geq 0$ and
$$
f(x)=-\log(x) \quad\text{an}\quad g(x)= \log(\log(1/x)+1)$$ for all $x\in(0,1)$. Is there exists $C_s>0$ such that for all $x,y\in(0,1)$,
$$
f^{-1}(s g(x)) \cdot f^{-1}(s g(y))...
- 39
3
votes
0
answers
167
views
Bounding the $L^{p*}$ norm from below for functions satisfying a $p$-capacity estimate
If $1 \le p < n$, the $p$-capacity of a compact set $A \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ with respect to an open set $U$ containing it is defined as $$\text{Cap}_p(A, U) := \inf \left\{\int_U |\nabla u|^p \, ...