All Questions
5,858 questions
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How to verify the weak convergence?
Given a finite measure on a compact, take $f_n\in L^1$ with norms $\leq 1$ and suppose that $\int f_n g$ tends to a limit for all continuous $g$. Is it true that then $\int f_n g$ converge for any $g\...
- 11
6
votes
3
answers
11k
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Sums of uncountably many real numbers [closed]
Suppose $S$ is an uncountable set, and $f$ is a function from $S$ to the positive real numbers. Define the sum of $f$ over $S$ to be the supremum of $\sum_{x \in N} f(x)$ as $N$ ranges over all ...
- 15.4k
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1
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604
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Find a explicit choice function of the "rationally equivalence class"
Define two real numbers to be rationally equivalent provided their difference is a rational number.
from Royden Real Analysis
- 3
8
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2
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870
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A Linear Algebra Question
Let $M$ be a symmetric square matrix with integer coefficients and $M_k$ the matrix obtained by deleting the k-th line and k-th column. If det(M)=0 does it follow that $\det(M_kM_j)$ is a square?
- 81
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3
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Propositions equivalent to the completeness of the real numbers
Can anyone point me to a reasonably comprehensive article (or book chapter) explaining which basic theorems of calculus are equivalent to the completeness axiom of the reals and which ones aren't?
...
- 19.7k
4
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0
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162
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Symmetric functions and regularity (II)
My previous question (where $n=2$) was a bit too naive. I think that this one, which is the one being of genuine interest to me, is more involved.
Let $f=\mathbb R^n\rightarrow\mathbb R$ be a ...
- 52.3k
5
votes
1
answer
316
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Symmetric functions and regularity
Let $f:\mathbb R^2\rightarrow\mathbb R$ be a symmetric function: $f(y,x)=f(x,y)$. It can therefore be written has a function of the elementary symmetric polynomials, here $f(x,y)=F(x+y,xy)$, where $F(\...
- 52.3k
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1
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A question about regular signed or complex Borel measure under LRN decomposition
Suppose $\nu$ is a regular signed or complex Borel measure on $\mathbb R^n$, m is the Lebesgue measure on the class of Borel sets $\mathcal B_{\mathbb R^n}$ and the Lebesgue-Radon-Nikodym ...
- 764
11
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1
answer
1k
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Proof of the "Neo-classical Inequality", a fractional extension of the binomial theorem
I came across the following inequality, dubbed the "Neoclassical Inequality" which holds uniformly in $p\geq 1$ and $n\in\mathbb N$:
$$\frac{1}{p^2}\sum_{j=0}^n\frac{a^{\frac{j}p}b^{\frac{n-j}p}}{\...
- 4,952
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0
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583
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Cohomology of Real algebraic Varieities
I understand Serre's GAGA theorem as saying that equations over algebraically closed fields can be studied equally from the algebraic and analytic points of view, at least with respect to cohomology.
...
user2529
7
votes
2
answers
2k
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Baire Category Theorem Application
In Antoine Henrot Michel Pierre -
Variation et optimisation de formes, Une analyse geometrique, a book I'm studying I found an interesting problem. The problem is listed below. The first 3 points of ...
- 2,222
1
vote
1
answer
275
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Shift operator that generates separable orbit
Suppose, that $f$ is bounded measurable function, $T_h(f)(x) = f(x+h)$ is the shift operator.
How to prove, that if the whole orbit $T_h(f):\, h\in\mathbb{R}$ has a dense, countable subset $T_{n_k}(f)$...
- 696
3
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0
answers
302
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functions on intervals with endpoints
Would most analysts say that $(2/3) x^{3/2}$ is an antiderivative of $x^{1/2}$ on $[0,\infty)$, or
just on $(0,\infty)$?
More generally, is there a standard interpretation of the assertion "$F$ is an ...
- 19.7k
1
vote
0
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174
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Eigenvalues of a Parametrized Family of Linear Functions
Suppose that we have a family of linear functions $L(\alpha) : \mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n$, where $\alpha$ is a positive real number.
For each $\alpha$, it is given that $L(\alpha)$ is a ...
- 111
21
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2
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924
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Codimension of Measurable Sets
I am currently teaching an advanced undergraduate analysis class, and the following question came up.
Intuition suggests that "most" subsets of $[0,1]$ are not Lebesgue measurable. However, the ...
- 8,493
1
vote
1
answer
685
views
This limit converges to the partial derivative?
Let a function $f:X \times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ continuous, with $X \subset \mathbb{R}$ compact, and supose that $\partial_2 f(x,t)$ exists for all $x \in X$ and is continuous. (here $\...
- 121
1
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1
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149
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Question on a relation between minors of a particular kind of matrix
Hi!
Perhaps it is an easy question but i don't figure out how to prove it.
Let $a_1,...,a_{2m+2}\in\mathbb{C}$ and for $1\leq i\leq 2m+2$ and $j\leq [\frac{2m+2-i}{2}]$ (with $[a]$ i mean the integer ...
- 1,727
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0
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369
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Independent Events Inducing Probability Measures
Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a sigma algebra over $\Omega$ and $M$ the set of all probability measures on $\mathcal{F}$. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be some collection of pairs $(A,B)$ with $ \ A,B\in\mathcal{F}$. Now ...
- 4,952
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3
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2k
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Hilbert's 17th Problem for smooth functions
Consider an open subset $U \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ and a smooth function $f\colon U \longrightarrow \mathbb{R}$ with $f(x) \ge 0$ for all $x \in U$.
It is then known (if I remember correctly: by ...
- 8,098
46
votes
7
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10k
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Are some numbers more irrational than others?
Some irrational numbers are transcendental, which makes them in some sense "more irrational" than algebraic numbers. There are also numbers, such as the golden ratio $\varphi$, which are poorly ...
- 1,823
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12k
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How did Bernoulli prove L'Hôpital's rule?
To prove L'Hôpital's rule, the standard method is to use use Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem (and note that once you have Cauchy's MVT, you don't need an $\epsilon$-$\delta$ definition of limit to ...
- 4,254
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1
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937
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Lebesgue's Majorized Convergence Theorem
Can anyone point me to an explanation and a proof of this theorem?
For reference, it is mentioned in Kolmogorov's almost everywhere divergent function in $L$ as given in Zygmund, volume I. In the ...
- 505
4
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1
answer
1k
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An application of Baire category theorem
Hi,
Does somebody know a proof (or a reference) for the following statement:
Let $f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be an infinitely differentiable function. Suppose that for all $x$, $f^n(x)=0$ ...
- 678
2
votes
3
answers
5k
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Smooth approximation of the hinge loss function
I came across a paper but the smooth approximation for the hinge loss function is wrong. Can someone guide me to the proper smooth approximation (using polynomials) of the function $$h(x)=\max(0,1-x)$$...
- 111
49
votes
3
answers
6k
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The Hardy Z-function and failure of the Riemann hypothesis
David Feldman asked whether it would be reasonable for the Riemann hypothesis to be false, but for the Riemann zeta function to only have finitely many zeros off the critical line. I very rashly ...
- 13.1k
10
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1
answer
772
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Nondifferentiability set of an arbitrary real function
A theorem by Zygmunt Zahorski states that a necessary and sufficient condition for a subset of $\mathbb{R}$ to be the nondifferentiability set of a continuous real function is that it is the union of ...
- 367
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3
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813
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Strange real functions
I know there are a lot of strange functions $f~:~\mathbb R \to \mathbb R$.
I'm looking for an "elementary but complete" exposition of a result discovered by W. Sierpi\'nski and A. Zygmund in "Sur une ...
- 2,829
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votes
2
answers
2k
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Iterated calculation of determinants
Given a $4 \times 4$ matrix $S$ over a commutative ring $R$. I want to consider it as a $2\times 2$ matrix over $M_2(R)$. Lets say $S=\left(\begin{array}{cc} A&B \\\ C&D\end{array}\right)$ ...
- 11.1k
44
votes
3
answers
4k
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Smooth functions for which $f(x)$ is rational if and only if $x$ is rational
A friend of mine introduced me to the following question: Does there exist a smooth function $f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$, ($f \in C^\infty$), such that $f$ maps rationals to rationals and ...
- 543
2
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0
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800
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Controlling the Lipschitz norm of the limit of a sequence of functions
Consider the Fréchet space $\Omega = C(\mathbb R^d)$ of real-valued continuous functions equipped with the seminorms $$\|f\|_D := \sup_{x,y \in D} \left\{ |f(x)|, \tfrac{|f(x)-f(y)|}{|x-y|} \right\}, \...
- 8,512
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If $f:R^n \to R$ is a smooth real-valued function such that $\nabla f : R^n \to R^n$ is a diffeomorphism, what can one conclude about the behavior of $f(x)$ at infinity?
This question may seem peculiar, so let me preface it by saying that it arose while I was trying to understand Legendre transformations better, and in that context it is fairly natural. Anyway, ...
- 15.3k
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votes
10
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47k
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Is square of Delta function defined somewhere?
I am wondering whether anyone knows if the square of Dirac Delta function is defined somewhere.
In the beginning, this question might look strange. But by restricting the space of the test functions, ...
5
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1
answer
781
views
Does a log-concave function on a convex set extend continuously to the boundary?
Let $U$ be an open convex set in a locally convex space $X$, and let $f : U \to [0,1]$ be a log-concave function on $U$ (i.e., bounded and real-valued). Under what conditions does $f$ have a ...
- 8,512
18
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4
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3k
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Why is there no Borel function mapping every countable set of reals outside itself?
A choice function maps every set (in its domain) to an element of itself. This question concerns existence of an anti-choice function defined on the family of countable sets of reals. In an answer to ...
- 30.1k
9
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1
answer
958
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Quantitative bounds for multivariate central limit theorem
For the univariate central limit theorem, the Berry-Esseen theorem gives a quantitative bound on the rate of convergence of distributions to the Normal distribution under Kolmogorov distance:
https://...
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102
votes
21
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15k
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Proofs of the uncountability of the reals
Recently, I learnt in my analysis class the proof of the uncountability of the reals via the Nested Interval Theorem (Wayback Machine). At first, I was excited to see a variant proof (as it did not ...
- 2,855
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2
answers
791
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Asymptotic difference between a function and its "binomial average"
(I posted this question on Math.SE a few weeks ago. I got a few comments, but nothing definite, and so I thought I would try MO.)
The origin of this question is the identity
$$\sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{...
- 3,283
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1
answer
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Functions whose antiderivative behaves like xf(x)
I'm wondering if a classification of analytic functions, $f\,$ (it may be that $C^1$ is enough, but I'm not taking any chances, if you have a reason why I only need to consider a larger class of ...
- 1,049
1
vote
2
answers
318
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Finite interpolation by nondecreasing indefinitely differentiable functions in a finite-dimensional space
Some time ago, I asked about inite interpolation by
a nondecreasing polynomial here at Finite interpolation by a nondecreasing polynomial. This turned out to be an already solved problem; it also ...
- 3,595
1
vote
0
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615
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Is there a Real valued function with image of every open interval the whole real line [duplicate]
Possible Duplicate:
Function with range equal to whole reals on every open set
Hello,
My problem is the following
"Is there a Real valued function with image of every open interval the whole ...
- 201
26
votes
2
answers
5k
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Does Arzelà-Ascoli require choice?
Inspired by a recent Math.SE question entitled Where do we need the axiom of choice in Riemannian geometry?, I was thinking of the Arzelà--Ascoli theorem. Let's state a very simple version:
...
- 29.7k
78
votes
5
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8k
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Does pointwise convergence imply uniform convergence on a large subset?
Suppose $f_n$ is a sequence of real valued functions on $[0,1]$ which converges pointwise to zero.
Is there an uncountable subset $A$ of $[0,1]$ so that $f_n$ converges uniformly on $A$?
Is there a ...
- 31.5k
9
votes
3
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934
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local behavior of a finite Borel measure
Let $\mu$ be a finite Borel measure on $\mathbb{R}^n$. I am interested in how does $\mu(B(x,r))$ behave, where $B(x,r)$ is the open ball of radius $r$ centered at $x$. For instance, as far as I recall,...
- 1,839
46
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2
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8k
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"Closed-form" functions with half-exponential growth
Let's call a function f:N→N half-exponential if there exist constants 1<c<d such that for all sufficiently large n,
cn < f(f(n)) < dn.
Then my question is this: can we prove that no ...
- 9,823
7
votes
2
answers
724
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Sturm chain analogue for exponential polynomials?
I'm going to define an exponential polynomial of degree $k$ as a function $f$ of the form
$f(x) = \sum_{i=1}^k c_ie^{\alpha_ix}$ ($\alpha_i$s real).
My first question is: is there an algorithm for ...
- 8,688
9
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2
answers
616
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construction of a random measure with a given mean
Let me first pose a trivial question.
Given a Borel probability measure $\mu$ on the real line, is it possible to construct a purely atomic random measure $M$ whose mean is $\mu$?
The answer is ...
- 1,839
2
votes
1
answer
465
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What is the regularity of the argument of a complex function?
Let $\psi=f+ig=\rho e^{i\theta}$ be a complex function on some open subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$, where $f,g,\rho$ and $\theta$ are real-valued. I happened to find that the identity of differentiation for ...
- 305
7
votes
4
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1k
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The non-convergence of f(f(x))=exp(x)-1 and labeled rooted trees
This question is closely related to MO f(f(x))=exp(x)-1 and other functions “just in the middle” between linear and exponential. Consider $e^{e^x-1}$, this is the generating function of the Bell ...
user37691
26
votes
3
answers
7k
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Dual of bounded uniformly continuous functions
Let $(X,d)$ be a metric space, and let $C_u(X)$ be the Banach space of bounded uniformly continuous functions on $X$ (with the uniform norm). How can I characterize its dual space $C_u(X)^*$?
I ...
- 29.7k
1
vote
3
answers
845
views
$H^{-1}$ conservative gradient flow and $L^2$ projection
Consider Cahn-Hilliard (see this) equation hich is known as the $H^{-1}$ gradient flow of Cahn-Hilliard energy functional, also it is easy to verify that this equation is mass preserving i.e. measure ...
- 53