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44 votes
10 answers
47k views

Is square of Delta function defined somewhere?

I am wondering whether anyone knows if the square of Dirac Delta function is defined somewhere. In the beginning, this question might look strange. But by restricting the space of the test functions, ...
40 votes
5 answers
10k views

Is there a natural measures on the space of measurable functions?

Given a set Ω and a σ-algebra F of subsets, is there some natural way to assign something like a "uniform" measure on the space of all measurable functions on this space? (I suppose first ...
Kenny Easwaran's user avatar
33 votes
4 answers
2k views

Hahn-Banach theorem with convex majorant

At least 99% of books on functional analysis state and prove the Hahn-Banach theorem in the following form: Let $p:X\to \mathbb R$ be sublinear on a real vector space, $L$ a subspace of $X$, and $f:L\...
Jochen Wengenroth's user avatar
33 votes
1 answer
2k views

For which maps $S^1\to S^1$ is the winding number defined?

There are two classes of maps $S^1\to S^1$ for which I know how to define the winding number: • Continuous maps: Using the unique path lifting property of the universal covering map $\mathbb R\to S^...
André Henriques's user avatar
27 votes
4 answers
8k views

Proofs of Young's inequality for convolution

For $1\leq p,q \leq \infty$ such that $\frac1p +\frac1q\geq 1$, Young's inequality states $\|f\star g\|_r\leq \|f\|_p\|g\|_q$ (we work on $\mathbf{R}^d$ here), where $1+\frac1r = \frac1p+\frac1q$. ...
Ayman Moussa's user avatar
  • 3,425
26 votes
3 answers
16k views

the dual space of C(X) (X is noncompact metric space)

It is well known that when $X$ is a compact space (or locally compact space), the dual space of $C(X)=\{f |f: X\rightarrow \mathbb{C} \text{ is continuous and bounded} \}$ is $M(X)$, the space of ...
yaoxiao's user avatar
  • 1,706
26 votes
2 answers
5k views

Does Arzelà-Ascoli require choice?

Inspired by a recent Math.SE question entitled Where do we need the axiom of choice in Riemannian geometry?, I was thinking of the Arzelà--Ascoli theorem. Let's state a very simple version: ...
Nate Eldredge's user avatar
26 votes
3 answers
7k views

Dual of bounded uniformly continuous functions

Let $(X,d)$ be a metric space, and let $C_u(X)$ be the Banach space of bounded uniformly continuous functions on $X$ (with the uniform norm). How can I characterize its dual space $C_u(X)^*$? I ...
Nate Eldredge's user avatar
25 votes
2 answers
2k views

$f^3,f^2$ are the cube and quadratic of f respectively and both infinite differentiable on $R$,how to show so is $f$

Let $f$ be a real function with domain R. If $f^2$ and $f^3$ are both infinitely differentiable on R, how to prove $f$ is infinitely differentiable on R? I have been thinking about this problem for a ...
bo.gu's user avatar
  • 295
25 votes
1 answer
8k views

Convergence of Fourier Series of $L^1$ Functions

I recently learned of the result by Carleson and Hunt (1968) which states that if $f \in L^p$ for $p > 1$, then the Fourier series of $f$ converges to $f$ pointwise-a.e. Also, Wikipedia informs me ...
Jesse Madnick's user avatar
23 votes
9 answers
2k views

Nonseparable counterexamples in analysis

When asking for uncountable counterexamples in algebra I noted that in functional analysis there are many examples of things that “go wrong” in the nonseparable setting. But most of the examples I'm ...
23 votes
5 answers
2k views

PDEs and algebraic varieties

Let $P$ be an order $d$ differential operator with constant coefficients and consider a PDE of the form $Pf = \delta$. Taking the Fourier transform of $P$ we get a degree $d$ polynomial whose zero ...
Puzzled's user avatar
  • 8,998
23 votes
3 answers
6k views

Density of smooth functions under "Hölder metric"

This question came up when I was doing some reading into convolution squares of singular measures. Recall a function $f$ on the torus $T = [-1/2,1/2]$ is said to be $\alpha$-Hölder (for $0 < \alpha ...
Vince's user avatar
  • 505
23 votes
2 answers
2k views

Which smooth compactly supported functions are convolutions?

If $f,g$ are smooth functions with support in the interval $[-r,r]$ for some $r>0$, then their convolution $f*g$ is smooth with support in $[-2r,2r]$. My question is about the converse: Given ...
Gandalf Lechner's user avatar
22 votes
5 answers
1k views

Rigorous justification for this formal solution to $f(x+1)+f(x)=g(x)$

Let $g\in C(\Bbb R)$ be given, we want to find a solution $f\in C(\Bbb R)$ of the equation $$ f(x+1) + f(x) = g(x). $$ We may rewrite the equation using the right-shift operator $(Tf)(x) = f(x+1)$...
BigbearZzz's user avatar
  • 1,245
22 votes
2 answers
652 views

Does every positive continuous function have a non-negative interpolating polynomial of every degree?

Let $f:[a,b] \to (0,\infty)$ be a continuous function. Then is it necessarily true that for every $n\ge 1$, we can find $n+1$ distinct points $\{x_0,x_1,...,x_n\}$ in $[a,b]$ such that the ...
user521337's user avatar
  • 1,209
21 votes
1 answer
3k views

Density of polynomials in $C^k(\overline\Omega)$

Let $\Omega$ be an open and bounded subset of $\mathbb{R}^2$ and let $C^k(\Omega)$, $1\leq k<\infty$, be the space of functions $f$ with continuous derivatives of order $\leq k$ in $\Omega$, ...
user111's user avatar
  • 4,034
19 votes
4 answers
3k views

Strange result about convexity

$f \in C^2([0,1])$ with $f''$ convex and $f(0) = f'(0) = f''(0) = 0$. Is it true that : $f''(1)+6f(1)\geq 4f'(1)$ ? Source: AoPS
Dattier's user avatar
  • 4,074
19 votes
3 answers
1k views

What standard Banach space is isomorphic to the completion of this different normed structure on $\ell^1$?

A colleague asked me the following question: "What can one do with the following norm on $\ell^1$: $|x|=\int_1^2 |x|_pdp$ where $| \;\; |_p$ is the standard norm on $\ell_p$?" This ...
Ali Taghavi's user avatar
18 votes
1 answer
3k views

How bad can the second derivative of a convex function be?

One can easily construct an example of a measurable function $f:(a,b)\to \mathbb{R}$ which satisfies the following property: $$\label{p}\tag{P} f\notin L^1(I),\ \mbox{for each interval}\ I\subset (a,...
Tomás's user avatar
  • 409
17 votes
3 answers
2k views

Is every Schwartz function the product of two Schwartz functions?

A Schwartz function on $\mathbb R^d$ is a $C^\infty$ function, such that all differentials of order $k \ge 0$ decay faster than any polynomial. They include the class $C^\infty_c(\mathbb R^d)$ of ...
Paul Pfeiffer's user avatar
16 votes
2 answers
1k views

How to generalize the various vector calculus theorems to distributions?

Here is a list of vector calculus identities; in the proof of these identities, we all assume that these functions are $𝐶^𝑘$ in an open set, and we usually use these identities to calculate ...
YuerWu's user avatar
  • 415
16 votes
3 answers
1k views

A natural center of a convex weakly compact set in Banach space

Question: Let $S$ be a convex weakly compact set in Banach space $H$. Propose a natural way to define the unique center $O \in S$. Motivation: A lot! For example, in game theory $S$ can be a set of ...
Bogdan's user avatar
  • 161
16 votes
2 answers
2k views

Challenge: Non-Gaussian quartic integral and path integral in Quantum field theory

(1) It is well-known that we can get a Gaussian integral of this type, where $x$ is in $\mathbb{R}$: $$ \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dx e^{-ax^2}=\sqrt{(2\pi)/a}. \tag{i} $$ We can generalize this ...
annie marie cœur's user avatar
15 votes
3 answers
2k views

Asymptotic expansion of $\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{x^{2n+1}}{n!{\sqrt{n}} }$

I've been trying to find an asymptotic expansion of the following series $$C(x) = \sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{x^{2n+1}}{n!{\sqrt{n}} }$$ and $$L(x) = \sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{x^{2n+1}}{...
Trax's user avatar
  • 153
15 votes
3 answers
1k views

Version of Banach-Steinhaus theorem

I am wondering about the following version of the Banach-Steinhaus theorem. Let $A$ be a closed convex subset contained in the unit ball of a Banach space $X$ and consider bounded operators $T_n \in \...
Sascha's user avatar
  • 536
15 votes
2 answers
680 views

Are Fourier transforms of L^p stable under diffeomorphisms?

Let $\xi$ be a compactly supported distribution on $\mathbb R^n$ and assume that its Fourier transform is in $L^p$. Let $\phi:\mathbb R^n\to\mathbb R^n$ be a diffeomorphism. Does the Fourier ...
Rami's user avatar
  • 2,649
15 votes
1 answer
1k views

Borel-Écalle re-summation and resurgence: criteria and results

This is about the theory of Borel-Écalle re-summation and resurgence, see Refs below. This states that the perturbative series (say of the vacuum expectation value of an operator $\mathcal{O}$ in ...
wonderich's user avatar
  • 10.5k
15 votes
3 answers
2k views

Can the Riemann integral be defined through a closure/completion process?

Let us consider real-valued functions on the bounded interval $[0,1]$. A "step function" means an element of the vector space spanned by indicator functions of (points and) intervals in $[0,1]$ (the ...
Gro-Tsen's user avatar
  • 32.5k
15 votes
0 answers
477 views

Quantitative Skorokhod embedding

The Skorokhod embedding theorem says that any random variable $X$ with $\mathbb E X=0$ and $\mathbb E[X^2]<\infty $ can be written as $X=B_{\tau }$ where $B$ is a Brownian motion and $\tau $ is a ...
Dor's user avatar
  • 723
14 votes
6 answers
6k views

Russian Equivalent of Big Rudin

Is there any Russian-authored textbook on Analysis equivalent to Big Rudin (Real and Complex Analysis)? I like Russian math textbooks a lot. I am looking for Russian textbooks (either in English or ...
Kumar's user avatar
  • 149
14 votes
6 answers
3k views

What's a natural candidate for an analytic function that interpolates the tower function?

I know that there are analytic functions whose composition with itself is the exponential function, the so-called functional square root of the exponential function, with the additional property that ...
John Jiang's user avatar
  • 4,466
14 votes
2 answers
2k views

Is the composition of two nowhere differentiable functions still nowhere differentiable?

Let $f,g:\mathbb R\to\mathbb R$ be two continuous but nowhere differentiable functions. By the Denjoy–Young–Saks theorem for almost every point $x_0\in\mathbb R$ one has $$ \limsup\limits_{x\to x_0}\...
Liding Yao's user avatar
14 votes
2 answers
2k views

Is this property equivalent to Lusin's property (N) for continuous functions?

A function $F:[0,1]\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ satisfies Lusin's (N) property if for every measure zero set $A\subseteq [0,1]$, $F(A)$ has measure zero. (This includes the assertion that $F(A)$ is ...
Linda Brown Westrick's user avatar
14 votes
0 answers
718 views

Lower bounds on analytic functions connected to Fox H

The question is related to the one I asked before and never got an answer to. Fourier transform of $f_a(x)= a^{-2}\exp(-|x|^a)$, $a \in (0,2)$, is decreasing in $a$ . I need to demonstrate that the ...
Tanya Vladi's user avatar
14 votes
0 answers
633 views

Classes of (non-continuous) functions with the fixed point property

Let $K$ be a convex body in $ R^d$. (Say, a ball, say a cube...) For which classes $ \cal C$ of functions, every function $ f \in {\cal C}$ which takes $K$ into itself admits a fixed point in $K$. ...
Gil Kalai's user avatar
  • 24.7k
13 votes
2 answers
653 views

The geometry of $\mathbb{R}^n$

Let $X,Y$ be finite-dimensional real normed spaces. Consider the set of linear operators $L(X,Y)$ between the two spaces. Then we define the set of equivalence classes $$G(X,Y):=\left\{[T]; T,S \in ...
Sascha's user avatar
  • 536
13 votes
1 answer
461 views

Does locally nilpotent imply nilpotent for continuous self-maps of intervals?

Let $f\in C([0,1],[0,1])$ be such that: $$\forall x\in [0,1], \; \exists k\in \mathbb N, \; f^{\circ k}(x)=0.$$ Is it true that $f$ is nilpotent (i.e., that there is some $k$ such that $f^{\circ k}=0$)...
Dattier's user avatar
  • 4,074
13 votes
0 answers
395 views

Converse to Riesz-Thorin Theorem

Let $T$ be an operator on simple functions on (say) $\mathbb{R}$. The Riesz-Thorin interpolation theorem, in one form, says that the Riesz type diagram of $T$ is a convex subset of $[0,1]\times[0,1]$....
Yonah Borns-Weil's user avatar
12 votes
2 answers
1k views

Low-degree polynomial approximation of the piecewise-linear function $x \mapsto \max(x, 0)$ on an interval $x \in [-R,R]$

For $R > 0$, consider the piecewise-linear function $\sigma_R: [-R,R] \rightarrow \mathbb R^+$, defined by $\sigma_R(x) := \max(x,0)$. Question Given $\epsilon> 0$, find a "low-degree" ...
dohmatob's user avatar
  • 6,853
12 votes
2 answers
678 views

Non-sequential spaces in the wild

TLDR: What are examples of (function-)spaces that are not sequential? When does this matter? As a simple analyst, I am most happy if I can just work with sequences all the time. In most situations ...
Jan Bohr's user avatar
  • 779
12 votes
1 answer
1k views

Riesz–Markov–Kakutani representation theorem for compact non-Hausdorff spaces

Let $X$ be a compact Hausdorff topological space, and $\mathcal C^0 (X) = \{f:X\to\mathbb{R}; \ f \text{ is continuous }\}$. It is well known that for any bounded linear functional $\phi: \mathcal C^...
Matheus Manzatto's user avatar
12 votes
1 answer
927 views

On an Inequality of Lars Hörmander

Let $P(z)$ be a non-null complex polynomial in $\nu$ variables $z=(z_1,\dots,z_n)$ of degree $\mu$: \begin{equation} P(z)=\sum_{|\alpha| \leq \mu} c_{\alpha} z^{\alpha}, \end{equation} where as usual ...
Maurizio Barbato's user avatar
12 votes
1 answer
191 views

Spectra on different spaces

This is a method request: I am looking for techniques that allow me to investigate problems like this: Let $T_1: \ell^1 \rightarrow \ell^1$ be a bounded operator with $\Re(\sigma(T_1)) \subset (-\...
Kinzlin's user avatar
  • 305
12 votes
0 answers
435 views

Uniform closure of subspaces of Baire class 1

Describe a uniformly closed linear subspace $A \subset C([0,1])$ such that the space $B_1(A)$ is not uniformly complete. Here $B_1(A)$ is the set of all bounded functions $f$ which are pointwise ...
Fred Dashiell's user avatar
11 votes
2 answers
478 views

$x f'$ bounded by $x^2f $ and $f''$?

Consider the Hilbert space of functions $f \in L^2(\mathbb R)$ such that $x^2f \in L^2(\mathbb R) $ and $ f'' \in L^2(\mathbb R).$ I am wondering whether it is true that $xf'\in L^2(\mathbb R)$ as ...
Zorgo's user avatar
  • 177
11 votes
2 answers
2k views

Operator that commutes with projections

We investigate the Hilbert space $\ell^2(\mathbb{N}_0)$ with standard orthonormal basis vectors $e_n:=(0,...,0,1,0,...).$ Consider the family of self-adjoint rank $1$ projections $P_n\bullet:= \...
Sascha's user avatar
  • 536
11 votes
3 answers
1k views

"Simple" integral equation

Let $H(z)$ be a continuous solution of the problem $$ H(z)=\frac1{1-z}\int_z^1 \frac{2\zeta}{1+\zeta} H(\zeta^2)\,d\zeta,\ \ \ z\in[0,1);\ \ \ H(1)=1. $$ Is it true that $H(0)=1-\ln2$? The question ...
AAK's user avatar
  • 283
11 votes
4 answers
668 views

Is every non-negative test function the limit of a sequence of sums of squares of test functions?

Let $0\leq f\in\mathscr{D}(\mathbb{R}^n)$. As shown e.g. by J.-M. Bony, F. Broglia, F. Colombini and L. Pernazza, Nonnegative functions as squares or sums of squares, J. Funct. Anal. 232 (2006) 137-...
Pedro Lauridsen Ribeiro's user avatar
11 votes
3 answers
2k views

How can I simplify this sum any further?

Recently I was playing around with some numbers and I stumbled across the following formal power series: $$\sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{x^{ak}}{(ak)!}\biggl(\sum_{l=0}^k\binom{ak}{al}\biggr)$$ I was able ...
Susp1cious's user avatar

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