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Let $f\colon S\to T$ be any function. There is the obvious refinement of $f$, by replacing the codomain $T$ with the image. Thus, every function factors into a surjection followed by an injection (...

In the slides Provenance for Database Transformations, page 24, they provide a semiring for lineage, which include a $\cup^*$ symbol. However, I can not find any related materials about the meaning of ...

Let us say that a mathematical structure of cardinality $\omega_1$ is Jonsson whenever every one of its proper substructures is countable. There are examples of Jonsson groups due to Shelah or ...