Questions tagged [quadratic-forms]
Algebraic and geometric theory of quadratic forms and symmetric bilinear forms, e.g., values attained by quadratic forms, isotropic subspaces, the Witt ring, invariants of quadratic forms, the discriminant and Clifford algebra of a quadratic form, Pfister forms, automorphisms of quadratic forms.
543 questions
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On sums of three squares
Let $\mathbb N=\{0,1,2,\ldots\}$. By the Gauss-Legendre theorem on sums of three squares, any $n\in\mathbb N$ with $n\equiv1,2\pmod4$ can be written as $x^2+y^2+z^2$ with $x,y,z\in\mathbb N$. Clearly, ...
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Sums of two integer squares in arithmetic progressions
Is there an explicit formula in the literature for the number of representations of a positive integer $n$ as a sum of two integer squares, the second of which is divisible by $5$? So this means to ...
- 3,062
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1
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A "nice" (but non-definite) quadratic programme
For integers $n\geq k>0$, let $f$ be the following quadratic form:
$$f(x_1,\ldots,x_n)=\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=0}^{k-1}x_ix_{i+j\bmod n}.$$
Is it true that the minimum of $f$ over the unit simplex is ...
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On universal sums $x(ax+b)/2+y(cy+d)/2+z(ez+f)/2$ over $\mathbb N$
Let $a,b,c,d,e,f$ be integers with $a\ge c\ge e>0$, $b>-a$ and $a\equiv b\pmod2$, $d>-c$ and $c\equiv d\pmod 2$, $f>-e$ and $e\equiv f\pmod2$. If each $n\in\mathbb N=\{0,1,2,\ldots\}$ can ...
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Correlation between the first and a random position of an ergodic bit sequence
Edit: Since the geometric approach did not work, I try now another approach: phrasing the problem as a quadratic programme.
Probabilistic version.
Let $x=(x_1,x_2, \ldots) $ be an ergodic random ...
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How explicitly write a projective transformation between the conics over the univariate function field?
Consider the quadratic forms
$$
Q_1 = x^2 + y^2 - (t^2+1)z^2,\qquad Q_2 = x^2 + y^2 - z^2
$$
over the rational function field $\mathbb{F}_p(t)$, where $p > 2$ is a prime such that $t^2 + 1$ is ...
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58
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Quadrics over the univariate function field with discriminant of minimal degree
Consider a non-degenerate quadric $Q(x,y,z) \subset \mathrm{P}^2$ over the univariate function field $\mathbb{F}_p(t)$, where $\mathbb{F}_p$ is a prime finite field, $p > 2$. For simplicity assume ...
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On the orthogonal group of a lattice on a quadratic space over dyadic local field
Let $F$ be a local field with valuation ring $R$. $V$ is a n dimensional non-singular quadratic space over $F$ with bilinear form $B$ and quadratic map $Q$.
As usual, $O(V)$ denotes the orthogonal ...
user125345
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Concrete Hanson-Wright inequality?
I'm working on a paper that requires bounding
$$\Pr\left[|\vec x^\top Q \vec y| >= t\right]$$ where $Q$ is a matrix (happens to be symmetric) and $\vec x,\vec y$ are iid real mean-zero subgaussian ...
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Can we write each positive integer as $x^2+y^2+\varphi(z^2)$?
As odd squares are congruent to $1$ modulo $8$, any integer of the form $4^k(8m+7)$ with $k,m\in\mathbb N=\{0,1,2,\ldots\}$ cannot be written as the sum of three squares.
To avoid such congruence ...
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Existence of symplectic basis
Let $R$ be a PID and $M$ a free, finite rank $R$-module with a perfect billinear form $\omega$ such that $\omega(v,v)=0$ for all $v \in M$. Does anyone know a reference for the fact that a symplectic ...
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Proof of A Positive Definite Covariance Matrix
I would like to prove such a matrix as a positive definite one,
$$
(\omega^T\Sigma\omega) \Sigma - \Sigma\omega \omega^T\Sigma
$$
where $\Sigma$ is a positive definite symetric covariance matrix ...
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Solutions to the Diophantine equation $x^2+3y^2+3z^2=n$
For a fixed positive integer $n$, the Diophantine equation
$$x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = n$$
was studied by Gauss in Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. As is known, this equation is intimately connected to the ...
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Reference request: Number of elliptic and hyperbolic quadratic forms of a given rank over a finite field
My question is over the finite field $\mathbf{F}_q$ of $q$ elements. It is well known that a symmetric matrix of odd rank corresponds to a parabolic quadratic form but even rank symmetric matrices ...
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108
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Angle between subspaces in indefinite signature
I know there is a notion of principal angles between subpaces of a Euclidean space, but what about subspaces of a finite dimensional vector space $V$ equipped with a non-degenerate quadratic form of ...
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The number 1680 and Lagrange's four-square theorem
The number $1680$ has the factorization $2^4\times3\times5\times7$. Rather to my surprise, I found that this number has certain mysterious connection with Lagrange's four-square theorem.
QUESTION: ...
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Can we write each positive integer as $w^2+x^2(1+2y^2+2z^2)$ with $w,x,y,z\in\mathbb Z$ and $x\not=0$?
Lagrange's four-square theorem states that each nonnegative integer is the sum of four squares. Here I ask the following question concerning a refinement of Lagrange's four-square theorem.
QUESTION: ...
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Are lattice points in thin spherical shells uniformly distributed?
Consider the spherical shell (annulus)
$$A(R,r) = \{ x \in \mathbb{R}^3 : R \leq |
x|\leq R+r \}.$$ Think of the limit $R \to \infty$.
Assume that $r$ depends on $R$ as $r(R) = R^{-\delta}$. We are ...
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Is every integer $n>1$ the sum of two triangular numbers and two powers of $5$?
Recall that the triangular numbers are those integers
$$T_n=n(n+1)/2\ \ \ (n=0,1,2,\ldots).$$
In 1796 Gauss proved that each $n\in\mathbb N=\{0,1,2,\ldots\}$ is the sum of three triangular numbers, ...
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69
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Question about Notation for Spaces of $n$-ary $k$-ic Forms
Define an $n$-ary $k$-ic form to be a polynomial over the integers of homogeneous degree $k$ in $n$ variables. In Section 1 of the paper "Higher Composition Laws I" (linked below), Bhargava writes $(\...
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Polyhedral conditions for quadratic inequalities in fixed dimension
Denote $\mathcal T$ be set of $(T_1,T_2,T_3,T_4)\in\mathbb Z^4$ that satisfy
$$0<T_1,T_2,T_3,T_4$$
conditions?
Define the level set $$M_{\gamma}(Q,\mathcal T)=\{(T_1,T_2,T_3,T_4)\in\mathcal T:Q(...
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Vanishing bilinear forms
For a symmetric or antisymmetric bilinear form $\varphi$ on a vector space $V$, if $\varphi(x,y)=0$ then also $\varphi(y,x)=0$ ($x,y\in V$).
I was wondering if this is also a necessary condition for ...
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Clarification on FPTAS optimization in a paper
In the abstract of this paper by Hildebrand, Weismantel & Zemmer it is stated that they provide an FPTAS for $$\min x'Qx$$ over a fixed dimension polyhedron when $Q$ has at most one negative or ...
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higher order analogues of sylvester's law of inertia?
Sylvester's law of inertia (here I quote wikipedia)
If A is the symmetric matrix that defines the quadratic form, and S is any invertible matrix such that D = SAS^{T} is diagonal, then the number ...
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Do $G$-invariant non-degenerate quadratic forms come from $G$-invariant even lattices?
The following is a somewhat well-known fact: Given an even lattice $L$ with the pairing $\langle,\rangle: L\times L\to \mathbb{Z}$, we extend the pairing to $L\otimes \mathbb{Q}$ by tensoring with $\...
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The statement that $A \ge B$ implies $A^{-1} \le B^{-1}$ is still true for matrices? [closed]
Problem:
Suppose we have two real, symmetric and positive definite square matrices $A$ and $B$, i.e.,
$$A_{ij}, B_{ij}\in \mathbb{R}$$
$$A^T=A$$
$$B^T=B$$
$$x^TAx>0 \forall x$$
$$x^TBx>0 \...
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« Generalized simultaneous diagonalization » of a pair of symmetric, non-commuting, positive semi-definite matrices
I hope my question is trivial for some of you but for the time being I’m lost somewhere between the generalized eigenproblem, simultaneous diagonalization of quadratic forms, simultaneous SVD, ...
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Isotropy of skew-Hermitian forms over division algebras
Assume char(F) $\neq$ 2.
Let $D$ be a central division algebra over a field $F$ and $h: V \rightarrow D$ be an anisotropic skew-Hermitian form. We can easily see that $h_{\bar{F}}$ is totally ...
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Showing a modified system of quadratic equations is stable
I have and $n$ dimensional dynamical system, given by
$\dot{x} = M D(x) P x - \frac{c}{2}x$
$P$ is a full rank $n \times n$ matrix, with $p_{ij} \in [0,c]$, such that $p_{ij}=c-p_{ji}$ for some ...
- 111
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0
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Suggestions to solve an optimization problem that involves quadratic forms
I am in a crucial part of my research, I have arrived at an optimization problem that I can not solve, I need to solve it to be able to perform simulations and thus complete my research, due to this ...
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Which continuous function is optimal for sieving?
In 1968, Barban and Vehov considered [1] the problem of determining for which continuous functions $\rho:\mathbb{R}^+\to [0,1]$ satisfying certain properties ($\rho(t)=1$ for $t\leq U_0$, $\rho(t)=0$ ...
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Maximizing quadratic form subject to inequality constraints [closed]
Given a $n \times n$ symmetric matrix $\rm S$, solve the optimization problem in $n \times k$ (where $n \geq k$) matrix $\rm X$
$$\begin{array}{ll} \text{maximize} & \mbox{tr} \left( \mathrm X^\...
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Realizing root-system roots as polynomial roots without Lie theory
The vectors of a root-system were originally called "roots" because they are the zeros of a characteristic polynomial that comes from the connection of (crystallographic) root-systems to classifying ...
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When is a bilinear form equivalent to a trace form?
Associated to a finite, separable field extension $L/K$, there is a natural nondegenerate bilinear form, the trace form, defined by $$\langle x,y \rangle := \mathrm{Tr}_{L/K}(xy)$$
Now, given a ...
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Elementary description to count of perfect squares - II
What can we say about growth of smallest gap $g(a)$ which is the smallest $|x-y|$ where $0\leq x,y\leq\Big\lfloor\frac a2\Big\rfloor$ and $\sqrt{x(a-x)},\sqrt{y(a-y)}\in\Bbb Z$?
Is $g(a)=1\iff a=b^2+...
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Elementary description to count of perfect squares - I
Is there an elementary description of $$N(a)=\Big|\Big\{x\in\{0,1,\dots,\Big\lfloor\frac a2\Big\rfloor-1,\Big\lfloor\frac a2\Big\rfloor\Big\}:\sqrt{x(a-x)}\in\Bbb Z\}\Big|$$ and though likely non-...
- 13.9k
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A curious determinant of quadratic forms
In a work about the Wave Equation, I encountered the following symmetric matrix of size $1+n$, whose entries are quadratic forms. The arguments are a scalar $a$ and a vector $X\in k^n$.
$$S(a,X)=\...
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Completing the square of a matrix expression
Let $A,C\in\mathbb{R}^{m\times n}$, $n\ge m$, $B\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times m}$, and $P$ be a real positive definite $m\times m$ matrix. Denote by $\mathcal{S}^n$ the space of $n\times n$ real symmetric ...
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Simultaneous "orthonormalization" in $\mathbb{C}^4$
Let $A$ be a positive, invertible $4 \times 4$ hermitian complex matrix.
So we have a positive sesquilinear form $\langle Av,w\rangle$. Say that a pair $(v,w)$ of vectors in $\mathbb{C}^4$ is good ...
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Proof of Witt's result about quaternion extensions
I'm searching for a proof of Witt's result that a biquadratic extension $K(\sqrt{a},\sqrt{b})/K$ extends to a Galois extension $L/K$ with quaternion group $Q_8$ iff the quadratic forms $<a,b,\frac{...
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On Siegel mass formula
I have asked this question exactly here. The question is as follows:
I am interested deeply in the following problem:
Let $f$ be a (fixed) positive definite quadratic form; and let $n$ be an ...
14
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1
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Do almost all systems of quadratic equations have solutions?
If I have a system of linear equations, $A x = c$, with $A$ an $n\times n$ complex matrix, it is relatively easy to see that the set of matrices $A$ for which there is no (complex) solution has ...
- 342
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98
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Classification of quadratic submodules in $\mathbb C[[t]]$
Let $\mathbb C[[t]]$ be the ring of formal series with complex coefficients. Let $M$ be a finite rank free module over this ring. Let $Q$ be a regular quadratic form
on $M$. (E.g., the standard ...
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282
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A symmetric matrix with nonzero principal minors is cogredient to a diagonal matrix via an upper triangular
A paper I'm reading in representation theory states the following result:
Let $F$ be a field of characteristic zero, and $x$ a symmetric matrix in $M_n(F)$ all of whose principal minors are not zero. ...
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Hasse principle for quadratic forms over finitely generated fields
Does the Hasse principle hold for quadratic forms over finitely generated fields (e.g. for the Henselisations/completions at height-$1$-primes or all places)?
user19475
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Selmer Group of number fields and Ideal lattices
Let $K$ be a totally real number field of degree $n$ and dicriminant $d$, in this article of F.Lemmermeyer the selmer group of $K$ is defined as
$$\text{Sel}(K):=\{\alpha \in K^{\times}: (\alpha)=...
user115191
12
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1
answer
499
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A diophantine equation in $\mathbb{N}$
While I was working on a paper on graph theory, I encountered a problem which I think is a number-theory-problem. I don't know if there are any tools to answer the question.
Find all natural numbers $...
- 351
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2
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1k
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Roots of quadratic vector equation
Given $$A_{i j k}X_j X_k + B_{ij} X_j + C_i = 0$$ where $A_{ijk}$, $B_{ij}$, and $C_i$ are arbitrary real numbers for all $i$, $j$, $k$ which are $N$-dimensional indices, such that $A_{ijk}=A_{ikj}$ ...
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1
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Solving quaternary quadratic forms modulo $q$ efficiently
Given a quaternary quadratic equation of form $$Q(a,b,c,d)=m$$ in $\Bbb Z[a,b,c,d]$ with coefficient sizes and $|m|$ bounded in magnitude by $B\in\Bbb N$ where $m\neq0$ if we are looking for solutions ...
- 13.9k
12
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1
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529
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Quadrics in the Grothendieck ring
Let $\mathcal{Q}$ be an irreducible quadric in $\mathbb{P}^n(k)$, with $n \geq 2$ and $k$ a finite field. Let $K_0(V_k)$ be the Grothendieck ring of $k$-varieties. It is well known (it appears) that ...
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