Questions tagged [quadratic-forms]
Algebraic and geometric theory of quadratic forms and symmetric bilinear forms, e.g., values attained by quadratic forms, isotropic subspaces, the Witt ring, invariants of quadratic forms, the discriminant and Clifford algebra of a quadratic form, Pfister forms, automorphisms of quadratic forms.
543 questions
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$k[X_1,\ldots,X_n]/Q$ is UFD for non-singular quadratic form $Q$ and $n\ge 5$
I am looking for a reference for the following result. Thanks in advance.
Let $k$ be a field of any characteristic other than $2$.
Klein and Nagata showed that the ring $R:=k[X_1,\ldots,X_n]/Q$ is a ...
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Possible values of hyperbolic quadratic forms
$\newcommand\Z{\mathbf{Z}}$Given an integral quadratic form $q$ of signature $(n-1,1)$ and a value $\lambda \in \Z$ is there an algorithm that can determine whether there exist $x\in \Z^n$ such that $...
8
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Positive integer solutions of $ab+ac+ad+bc+bd+cd=n$
Consider a quadratic form $Q(a,b,c,d)=ab+ac+ad+bc+bd+cd$ on $\mathbb Z^4$.
For some reason I am interested in the number of solutions $(a,b,c,d)\in\mathbb Z_{> 0}^4$ of $Q(a,b,c,d)=n$ as a function ...
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Sum of binary quadratic forms over inputs of equal Hamming weight
$\DeclareMathOperator{\field}{\mathbb{F}}$
Let $n$ be a positive integer, and let $q : \field_2^{n} \rightarrow \field_2$ be a quadratic form, specified in coordinates as
$$q(x)=\sum_{i =1}^n \alpha_i ...
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If $\Vert A-B\Vert_{op}\leq \varepsilon$ then $A^{-1}$ and $B^{-1}$ are uniformly close
Let $A,B$ are two $p\times p$ positive definite matrices such that $0<\delta_0\leq \min\{\lambda_{\min}(A), \lambda_{\min}(B)\}\leq \max\{\lambda_{\max}(A), \lambda_{\max}(B)\}\leq \delta_1$. Also ...
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The number of orbits of a two-point stabilizer of the symplectic group $Sp(2m,2)$
I am trying to figure out the number of orbits of a two-point stabilizer of the action of $Sp(2m,2)$ on its two orbits $\Omega^+$ and $\Omega^-$ as detailed in Dixon and Mortimer's "Permutation ...
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111
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Roots of the system of quadratic equations
For a set of $m$ positive semi-definite $d\times d$ matrices $Q_j$ I have the following system of equations over column-vector $\vec{x}$:
$$
q_j = \vec{x}^T Q_j \vec{x}, \quad j=1,\dots,m
$$
with ...
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3
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2
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Number of solutions of quadratic equation from a perfect pairing over $\mathbb{Z}/p^n\mathbb{Z}$
Let $p>2$ be a prime number, $V=\left(\mathbb{Z}/p^n\mathbb{Z}\right)^{2k+1}$. The bilinear form $$B:V\times V \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}/p^n\mathbb{Z}$$
is a perfect pairing. That is, mapping $x\in V$ ...
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Generators of the automorphism group of a quadratic form
Suppose that $q$ is an integral quadratic form, not necessarily unimodular or even non-degenerate, and write $O_q(\mathbb{Z})$ for its automorphism group. According to this question this group is ...
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Values on minkowski square of rational ellipsoid
Let $q(x)$ be positive-definite rational quadratic form. Let $C_q$ be the following set:
$$C_q = \{q(x + y) \quad | \quad q(x) = q(y) = 1\}$$
Is it true or not that set $C_q$ defines the equivalence ...
2
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1
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Shifted lattices and the discriminant group
I'm studying a geometrical problem where an (even, negative-definite) lattice $L$ arises. Roughly, as an intersection pairing for curves on a surface. In fact, the problem naturally leads me to ...
- 1,701
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Linear forms and the second Voronoi decomposition
This is not my area of expertise, so forgive me if the question is a bit naive. Given a collection of vectors $v_1,\ldots,v_d$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$ (with $d\geq n$), there is a corresponding set of ...
- 147
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3
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System of quadratic equations
Let $B_1,\ldots,B_s$ be $(s\times s)$ symmetric real matrices and $x=\left(x_1,\ldots,x_s\right)^\prime$ a $(s\times 1)$ vector of unknowns. Is there a way or reference theory for studying the ...
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Witt ring of a field with Pythagoras number $2$
I am currently looking at a few simple properties of the Witt ring of a field $K$ (by which I mean the ring of Witt classes of quadratic forms, not the ring of Witt vectors), which are clearly true ...
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109
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Existence of solutions to quadratic vector equation
Given
$$A_{i,j,k} X_j^* X_k + C_i = 0$$
where $𝐴_{i,j,k}$ and $𝐶_i$ are arbitrary complex numbers for all $𝑗, 𝑘$ which are $𝑁$-dimensional indices and $i$ which is an $m$-dimensional index where $...
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Simultaneous diagonalization of two rational forms
It is known that any two real quadratic forms are equivalent iff they have the same signature. If we consider rational quadratic forms, they are $\mathbb{Q}$-equivalent iff the have the same signature,...
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Is there an integer-valued quadratic polynomial $P(x,y)$ such that $\{P(x,y)+2^k:\ x,y\in\mathbb Z\ \text{and}\ k\in\mathbb N\}=\mathbb Z^+$?
I seek for very sparse representations of positive integers. Let
$$\mathbb N=\{0,1,2,\ldots\}\ \ \ \text{and}\ \ \ \mathbb Z^+=\{1,2,3,\ldots\}.$$
Recall that a polynomial $P(x,y)$ is integer-valued ...
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When are rings of the form $K[x_1,...,x_n]/(Q)$ principal ideal domains when $Q$ is quadratic?
By a result of Klein-Nagata rings of the form $A_Q=K[x_1,...,x_n]/(Q)$ are factorial when $K$ is a field, $n \geq 5$ and $Q$ is a non-degenerate quadratic form.
Question 1: When is $A_Q$ a principal ...
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Computing the genus of certain ternary indefinite lattices
For $k$ a positive integer, let us consider the rank 3 ternary indefinite lattice $L=L_k$ with quadratic form
$$6kx^2-2(y^2+yz+z^2).$$
Its discriminant group has length $2$.
Question. Is this lattice ...
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Classification of vector spaces with a quadratic form and an order n automorphism
Introductory general nonsense (for motivation: feel free to skip): Let $G$ be a finite group and $k$ be a field of characteristic $0$. Consider the set $\mathcal{S}$ of isomorphism classes of finite ...
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Convexity of inverse quadratic form
Let $\alpha_i\in[0,1]^k$, $x_i\in\mathbb{R}^d$ for all $i\in[k]$, with $k \geq d$. Define $X: \operatorname{col}(X) = \{x_i\}_{i\in[k]}$, $\Lambda(\alpha) = \operatorname{diag}(\alpha)$, $y\in\mathbb{...
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The covariance matrix of quadratic form, without normal assumption
Assume $\mathbf{x}$ is a random vector with mean $\mathbf{\mu}$ and covariance matrix $\mathbf{\Sigma}$. Symmetric matrices $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ are given.
Without assuming normality, how to ...
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Generators of the orthogonal group of a quadratic form in odd dimension in characteristic 2
In characteristic not $2$, the Theorem of Cartan-Dieudonné states:
[Grove, Theorem 6.6]: Let $q$ be a nondegenerate symmetric quadratic form of dimension $n$ in characteristic not $2$. Then every ...
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Is the map $GL_n(\mathbb{Z})\to GL_n(\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})$ surjective?
Suppose $F$ is a field. I want to know whether the map $GL_n(GW(F))\to GL_n(W(F))$ is surjective, where $GW$ means Grothendieck-Witt and $W$ means Witt. In the case $F$ is algebraic closed, it reduces ...
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finding automorphisms of binary hermitian forms
Let $K$ be an imaginary quadratic field and $\mathcal{O}_K$ be its ring of integers. Write $\mathcal{H}(\mathcal{O}_K)$ for the set of hermitian 2 x 2 matrices with entries in $\mathcal{O}_K$. Now, we ...
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Under what conditions is the polynomial of degree $6$ irreducible?
Let $k$ be a perfect field of characteristic $p \neq 2,3$ such that $\omega := \sqrt[3]{1} \in k$, where $\omega \neq 1$. Consider an absolutely irreducible (not necessarily homogenous) quadratic ...
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Finding Motzkin's original paper on copositive quadratic forms
I am currently in the process of writing my thesis about copositive matrices and would like to write a chronological narrative about the ascent of these matrices to the prominent place they have today ...
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5
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Binary quadratic forms order four in the form class group not having desired coefficients
I have been looking at binary quadratic forms for a question on MSE, If a binary quadratic form primitively represents $n$
and $n^3$, must it be the identity form?, about forms representing a prime (...
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A list of proofs of the Hasse–Minkowski theorem
I am currently doing a project in which I intend to include the most insightful possible proof of the Hasse–Minkowski theorem (also known as the Hasse principle for quadratic forms, among other names) ...
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Modular forms and number of representations by binary quadratic forms
Let $Q(x,y)$ be a positive definite quadratic form of discriminant $d$. Let $r_Q(n)$ be the number of solutions of $Q(x,y)=n$. It is known that the function $f_Q(\tau)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}r_Q(n)q^n$ is ...
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The splitting pattern of the Killing form of an algebraic group and the Tits index
Let us assume that $G$ is an anisotropic semisimple, connected algebraic group over a field $k$ of characteristic zero.
Let $K_G$ denote the class of its Killing form in the Witt ring of $k$.
Let $X$ ...
- 1,479
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0
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100
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Rational quadratic form with given determinant and Hasse-Witt invariant
Let $Q$ be the diagonal quadratic form denoted by
$$Q(x_1, \ldots, x_k) = \sum_{i = 1}^{k} d_i x_i^2, \quad x_i \in \mathbb{Q}, \quad d_i > 0$$
Also let ${\mathbb{Q}^{*}}^2$ be the set of nonzero ...
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About weight generator of quadratic lattices
I get stuck on Example 93:5 in O'Meara's book "Introduction to quadratic forms", where it is explained a method of find a weight generator of a quadratic lattice.
In this question I assume ...
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How do you solve this quadratic matrix equation?
could you please help me solve this quadratic matrix equation? I look around, seems like there is no general solution for it..
$$-BX^2 + X - C = 0$$ for X, B and C are (3x3) matrices. B and C are ...
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Correspondence between binary quadratic representations and proper ideals of quadratic number fields
$\DeclareMathOperator\SL{SL}\DeclareMathOperator\Aut{Aut}$Fix $d < 0$, a fundamental quadratic discriminant and $n$ a positive integer. Suppose $Q$ is a primitive binary quadratic form of ...
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Linearly independent quadratic forms vanishing on a finite set of points
The question I am interested in can be summed up as follows: given positive integers $n,m,k$, how do we write down $m$ linearly independent quadratic forms $Q_1, \cdots, Q_m \in \mathbb{C}[x_0, \cdots,...
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How should the first n natural numbers be arranged in a circle to minimize the sum of the products of adjacent pairs? [closed]
I was able to find (and prove) arrangements that would result in the sum of the products of adjacent pairs attain the maximum.
I am able to conjecture that the arrangement that would result in the ...
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Hasse invariant and the Clifford algbera
Let
$$q = a_1 x_1^2 + \cdots + a_n x_n^2$$
be a quadratic form over some $p$-adic field $\mathbb{Q}_p$. We thus have its Hasse invariant
$$\mathcal{h}(q) = \prod_{1 \leq i < j \leq n} (a_i,a_j)_p \...
- 103
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Siegel's formula for generalized theta series with characteristics?
Siegel's formula(Siegel-Weil) directly relates the weighted sum of theta functions to Eisenstein series. (Or equivalently, the weighted sum of the cusp form is zero). I wonder if there is a ...
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the gaps between values of a positive binary quadratic form at integer points
Suppose that $s$ is a positive irrational number. Consider all possible values of the sum $x^2+sy^2$ where $x$ and $y$ are integers. These values form a set $W=\{0=w_1<w_2<\ldots\}$. Can the ...
9
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1
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Standard conjecture on u-invariants?
This is well beyond my expertise, but I just learned some of the history behind
$u$-invariants of fields $F$,
where ($u(F)+1$)-variable quadratic equations always have a non-trivial solution,
but $u(F)...
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Questions on $x^2+y^2+z^2$, $x^2+y^2+2z^2$ and $x^2+2y^2+3z^2$
Question 1. My computation in 2018 suggests that a sum of two integer squares is a sum of three nonzero integer squares if and only if it is not of the form
$$4^km\ \ (k=0,1,2,\ldots;\ \ m=1,2,5,10,13,...
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Invariant Lagrangian in the first homology of a cover of a surface
If $\tilde{S}\to S$ is a Galois cover of a surface of genus $g$ and group $G$, a well-know theorem of Chevalley-Weil tells that, as a $\mathbb{Q}[G]$-module, one has
$$H_1(\tilde{S},\mathbb{Q})=\...
- 1,181
4
votes
1
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Is there a trigonometric field which is different enough from real numbers?
I found this topic in a book 'Metric Affine Geometry' by Ernst Snapper and Robert J. Troyer.
I call a field $k$ trigonometric iff there is a quadratic form $q$ over $k^2$ such that every two lines ...
- 519
3
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0
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138
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Is there a method to solve a non-linear quadratic matrix equation?
I am interested in solving the following quadratic equation: $$x^{\top} A x = \sqrt{x^{\top} B x}$$
Here, $x \in \mathbb{R^q}$ is an unknown vector, and A and B are two q$\times$q-dimensional ...
- 31
-1
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1
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182
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$7n=x^2+2y^2+4z^2$ with or without $x^2\equiv y^2\equiv z^2\pmod 7$
It is well known that any positive odd integer can be written as $x^2+2y^2+4z^2$ with $x,y,z\in\mathbb Z$.
Question 1. Whether for any odd integer $n>93$ there are $x,y,z\in\mathbb Z$ such that $7n=...
- 15.6k
9
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0
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196
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Leech lattice and rational varieties
Question: Is there a smooth rational variety $X$ of complex dimension $4n$, $n \in \mathbb{N}$; such that the intersection form on $H^{4n}(X,\mathbb{Z})$ is the Leech lattice?
My motivation is mainly ...
- 6,995
4
votes
1
answer
197
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Conics and triples of binary quadratic forms
Let $C \subset \mathbb{P}^2$ be a planar conic curve, defined by a ternary quadratic form $Q(x_1, x_2, x_3)$ say. Suppose that $C(\mathbb{Q}) \ne \emptyset$, or equivalently, that $C$ is everywhere ...
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5
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1
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Proof that $x^2 + y^2 - z^2$ is universal
The (ternary) quadratic form $x^2 + y^2 - z^2$ is universal, meaning that any integer $n$ can be represented as $n = x^2 + y^2 - z^2$ for some integers $x, y, z$.
My question is this: who proved this ...
6
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1
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Set of quadratic forms that represents all primes
A SPECIFIC CASE:
Any prime number can be classified as either $p \equiv 1 \pmod 3$ or $p \equiv 2 \pmod 3$.
If $p = 3$ or $p = 1 \pmod 3$, then the prime $p$ can be represented by the quadratic form $ ...
