Questions tagged [power-series]
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391
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Does the formal power series solution to $f(f(x))= \sin( x) $ converge?
I have spent some time using gp-pari. There is, of course, a formal power series solution to
$ f(f(x)) = \sin x.$ It is displayed below, identified by the symbol $g$ because I am not entirely sure ...
50
votes
1
answer
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Rearrangements of a power series at the boundary of convergence
Take some power series $f(z) = \sum a_n z^n$ with a finite non-zero radius of convergence. I can rearrange the terms of the series, say, to get a different infinite series
$$f_{\sigma}(z) = \sum_{n=0}^...
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votes
5
answers
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An "analytic continuation" of power series coefficients
Cauchy residue theorem tells us that for a function
$$f(z) = \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} a(k) z^k,$$
the coefficient $a(k)$ can be extracted by an integral formula
$$a(k) = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\oint f(z) z^{-...
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answers
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Characterizing positivity of formal group laws
The formal group law associated with a generating function $f(x) = x + \sum_{n=2}^\infty a_n \frac{x^n}{n!}$ is $$f(f^{-1}(x) + f^{-1}(y)).$$ In my thesis, I found a large number of examples of ...
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Which power series have bounded integral coefficients and have an inverse given by a series having bounded integral coefficients
Let $A=1+\sum_{n=1}^\infty \alpha_nx^n\in\mathbb Z[[x]]$ and $B=\frac{1}{A}=1+\sum_{n=1}^\infty\beta_n x^n$ two mutually inverse power series
having bounded integral coefficients (ie. $\vert \alpha_n\...
31
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Is this formal noncommutative power series identity known?
I recently discovered the following cute formal noncommutative power series identity: if $(x_i)_{i \in I}$ is some finite collection of noncommuting variables, then the formal power series
$$ 1 + \...
29
votes
2
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power series of the reciprocal... does a recursive formula exist for the coefficients [closed]
Let $f(x)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty } b_nx^n$ and $\frac{1}{f(x)}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty } d_nx^n$. Then the coefficients of the reciprocal of $f(x)$ can be written down. The first few terms are:
$d_0 = \frac{...
29
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Linking formulas by Euler, Pólya, Nekrasov-Okounkov
Consider the formal product
$$F(t,x,z):=\prod_{j=0}^{\infty}(1-tx^j)^{z-1}.$$
(a) If $z=2$ then on the one hand we get Euler's
$$F(t,x,2)=\sum_{n\geq0}\frac{(-1)^nx^{\binom{n}2}}{(x;x)_n}t^n,$$
on the ...
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Identities for power series like $\sum_n z^{n^3}$
Probably, one of the first power series that every mathematician encounter is the geometric series
$$\sum_{n=0}^\infty z^n = \frac1{1-z}, \quad z \in \mathbb{C},\; |z| < 1 .$$
Also, a particular ...
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A product approximation to the Taylor series of the exponential
I recently came across the following in something I'm working on, and I'd never seen it before. Consider
\begin{align*}
f_1(x) &= (1+x)^{1/1} \\\
f_2(x) &= (1+x)^{2/1} (1+2x)^{-1/2} \\\
f_3(...
21
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1
answer
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Are $\mathbb C$ , $\mathbb C[X]$ definable in $\mathbb C[[X]]$?
Let $L$ be a first-order language and $M$ be an $L$-structure. Let $D \subseteq M^n$ . Let us say $D$ is definable in $M$ if for some finite set (possibly empty) $A=\{a_1,...,a_m\} \subseteq M$ and ...
19
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Is this a rational function?
Is $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{z^n}{2^n-1} \in \mathbb{C}(z)\ ?$$
In a slightly different vein, given a sequence of real numbers $\{a_n\}_{n=0}^\infty$, what are some necessary and sufficient ...
19
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The sum of integers being a bijection
What are the pairs $(P,Q)$ of subsets of $\mathbb N$ for which the map
\begin{eqnarray*}
P\times Q & \rightarrow & {\mathbb N} \\\\
(p,q) & \mapsto & p+q
\end{eqnarray*}
is a bijection ...
19
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Is $K[[x_1,x_2,\dots]]$ an $\mathfrak m$-adically complete ring?
I asked this question on Mathematics Stackexchange (link), but got no answer.
Let $K$ be a field, let $x_1,x_2,\dots$ be indeterminates, and form the $K$-algebra $A:=K[[x_1,x_2,\dots]]$.
Recall ...
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Does this variant of a theorem of Hasse (really due to Gauss) have an "elementary" proof?
BACKGROUND
Here are 3 theorems of varying difficulty. Let $M$ be the $Z/2$ subspace of $Z/2[[x]]$ spanned by $f^k$, with the $k>0$ and odd, and $f=x+x^9+x^{25}+x^{49}+\cdots$. For $g$ in $M$, let $...
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When are roots of power series algebraic?
Let $K$ be a field and consider a power series $f(T) \in K[[T]]$. Under what conditions (on $K$ and/or on $f$) can we conclude that if $\alpha$ is a root of $f(T)$ then $\alpha$ is in fact algebraic ...
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If a formal power series over the complex numbers satisfies a polynomial identity, does it imply that the power series has a radius of convergence?
Let $ P(z) $ be a $\textit{formal}$ power series in $z$ that a priori may not have a non zero radius of convergence. Assume that $P(0) =0$.
Let $\Phi(w,z)$ be a polynomial in two variables, that ...
17
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1
answer
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Positivity of coefficients of the inverse of a certain power series
Consider the unique formal power series $g(z)$ with $g(0)=0$ and $g'(0)=1$ satisfying the equation
$$
g(z)-g(z)^8+g(z)^{15}=z,
$$
that is the inverse of
$$
z-z^8+z^{15}
$$
in the group of formal ...
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Higher level analogs of Nicolas-Serre theory
NICOLAS-SERRE THEORY
Let $F \in Z/2[[x]]$ be $x+x^9+x^{25}+...$, the exponents being the odd squares, and $V$ be the space spanned by the $F^k$ with $k$ odd. Nicolas and Serre define formal Hecke ...
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What are the prime ideals of k[[x,y]]?
Let $k$ be a field. Then $k[[x,y]]$ is a complete local noetherian regular domain of dimension $2$. What are the prime ideals?
I've browsed through the paper "Prime ideals in power series rings" (...
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A Product Related to Unrestricted Partitions
Start with the product for unrestricted partitions:
$(1+x+x^2+...)(1+x^2+x^4+...)(1+x^3+x^6+...)...$
Now replace some of the plus signs with minus signs and expand the product into a series. Is it ...
15
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5
answers
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Comparing two power-series
I have been wrestling with the following problem for some time now. If possible, I would prefer a hint rather than a full solution, because I would like to "solve" it myself.
Let $f(z)$ be a ...
15
votes
1
answer
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Positivity of a finite sum involving Stirling numbers
In my research in theoretical physics, I have arrived at some coefficients $a_{n,m}$ depending on two integers, $n\geq 1$ and $0\leq m\leq n$:
$$
a_{n,m}=\sum_{j=0}^{n-1} {2j \choose j+m} \left(\frac{...
15
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1
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Partial sums of $\sum_0^\infty z^n$
Let $z$ be a complex number with $|z|<1$. For every subset $A\subset\mathbb N$, the series $\sum_{m\in A}z^m$ is convergent. Denote $S(A)\in\mathbb{C}$ its sum and $\Sigma_z$ the set of all numbers ...
14
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When are growth series rational?
For a finitely generated group $G$ with generating set $S$, one can define the word metric. Using this, we are able to define the sequence $\sigma(n)$ by
$ \sigma(n) = |\mathcal{S}(e,n)| $, which is ...
14
votes
1
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Power series $x^n/n$ with one plus, then two minuses, then three plusses, and so on
Which function is represented by the powerseries
$$1-\frac{x}{2}-\frac{x^2}{3}+\frac{x^3}{4}+\frac{x^4}{5}+\frac{x^5}{6}-\frac{x^6}{7}-\frac{x^7}{8}-\frac{x^8}{9}-\frac{x^9}{10} + \dots$$
(one plus, ...
14
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4
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Combinatorial interpretation of the power of a series
I am trying to understand a result involving the power of a series that occurs in Gradstein and Ryzhik's Table of Integrals, Series, and Products. Result 0.314 (p.17, 7th ed.) is:
$$\left(\sum_{k=0}^\...
13
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1
answer
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Can formal power series become polynomial often, when composed with polynomials?
Let $F$ be a finite field. Let $F[X]$ and $F[[X]]$ denote the ring of polynomials and power series over $F$, respectively. I'm trying to show a statement like the following:
Fix a $d > 0$. Let $g\...
13
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2
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Generating functions, Tutte polynomials, and the bivariate series $\sum_n x^n y^{n^2} / n!$.
A few years ago I computed the Tutte polynomials of the matroids given by the classical Coxeter groups, and found that their generating functions are all simple variations of the series $\sum_n \frac{...
13
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0
answers
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Integral element over p-adic power series
Let $p$ be a prime number. and $R[[X]]$ be the ring of formal series with coefficients in a $p$-adic field $R$. Let $\Lambda=\mathbb{Z}_p[[X]]$.
Question 1) Does there exist an explicit description ...
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Singularities of power series
The power series $\sum_{n=1}^\infty \ln(n)z^n$ has radius of convergence $1$ and $z=1$ is a singular point. Is $z=1$ an isolated singularity? If yes, what kind of isolated singularity?
I am only able ...
12
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1
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Relations between coefficients of expansions of a rational function at 0 and infinity
This question goes in the bucket of "this must be well known, but I don't see it and am not sure where to look it up."
Given two Laurent power series $A(t)=\sum_{k>N}a_kt^k$ and $B(t)=\sum_{k>M}...
12
votes
2
answers
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An analogue of the Bass-Quillen conjecture with power or Laurent series
The famous Quillen-Suslin theorem (formerly known as Serre's problem/conjecture) states that every projective module over $k[x_1,\dots, x_n]$ is free for $k$ a field. Replacing $k$ by a more general ...
12
votes
1
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Divergent series summation beyond natural boundaries
I'm hoping to investigate the effects of divergent summation methods on series which cannot be analytically continued due to a dense set of singularities. At least a priori, it doesn't seem that a ...
12
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What is known about the polynomial factorization of power series?
Some power series factorize; $1+\sum_{n=1}^\infty x^n=\prod_{n=1}^\infty (1+x^{2^n})$ and $1+\sum_{n=1}^\infty x^{2n}/(2n+1)!=\prod_{x=1}^\infty (1+x^2/n^2\pi^2)$ for example; while others do not----...
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0
answers
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Mixed characteristic analogue of algebraicity of the diagonal of two-variable power series?
Let $f=\sum_{n,m \geq 0}^{\infty}[a_{nm}]p^ny^m \in \mathbb Z_p[[y]]$, where $a_{nm} \in \mathbb F_p$ and $[\cdot]$ means the Teichmüller lifting. Define $I(f)=\sum_{n \geq 0}[a_{nn}]p^nt^n \in \...
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In the rational numbers, is every convergent power series a Taylor series for a rational function?
David Roberts wrote in the comment section of the blog post "Convergence of an infinite sum in the rationals" the following paragraph:
Someone mentioned (I think on Twitter) that the Taylor ...
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1
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flatness of power series rings
It is known that $A[[X]]$ is flat if $A$ is noetherian (see for example Bourbaki, Algèbre commutative, Ch. III, §3, Cor. 3 p. 146).
What happens if A is not noetherian? Is there an easy counter-...
11
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Derivative of an algebraic power series in positive characteristic
Let $K$ be a field. It is easy to see that if the characteristic of $K$ is $0$ and $f(T)=\sum_{n\ge0}a_nT^n$ is a power series algebraic over $K(T)$, then $f'$ belongs to $K(T)(f)$.
Indeed let $P(X)=\...
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Closed form for $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{1+n+n^2+\cdots+n^a}$
I am looking at a certain sequence, and consequently I am wondering if anyone knows if there happens to exist a closed form solution for this sum:
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{1+n+n^2+\cdots+n^a}$$
...
10
votes
3
answers
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Combinatorial interpretation of composition of power series?
This is a minor curiosity that came up in a joint project recently.
Consider the sequence $a_n=3\frac {(2n)!}{(n+2)!(n-1)!}$ (A000245 in OEIS).
It has multiple combinatorial descriptions.
One can ...
10
votes
2
answers
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Lagrange inversion for power-series with rational powers
One can use Lagrange inversion to find the
power series $F(x)$, which solves $F(x) = x(1+F(x)^p)$,
where $p$ is a positive integer.
Now, what if $p$ is not an integer, but rather a positive rational ...
10
votes
2
answers
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Principal ideal subrings of formal power series rings
In the formal power series ring $\mathbb{F}[[x]]$ over a field $\mathbb{F}$ of characteristic $p>0$, consider an element of the form $f=\sum_{i=0}^\infty a_ix^{p^i}$. Let $R$ denote the unitary ...
10
votes
1
answer
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views
Is $k(\!(x,y)\!)$ a topological field?
More generally, let $(R,m)$ be a Noetherian local domain with fraction field $K$. The $m$-adic topology turns $R$ into a topological ring. When $R$ is a discrete valuation ring, this topology extends ...
9
votes
2
answers
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Faster computation of p-adic log
As I see it, $p$-adic integers work very similar to formal power series over $x$ (e g. with regards to Hensel lifting).
When it comes to computing $\log P(x)$, one may use the formula
$$
(\log P)' = \...
9
votes
1
answer
862
views
A series that is rational?
Let $k=\mathbb F_q(T)$. Can one prove (or disprove) that the series $\sum_{n\ge0}(1-TX^{q^n})Y^{q^n}\in k[[X,Y]]$ belongs to $k(X,Y)$? At first, it looked like it was simple. But in fact, I have no ...
9
votes
2
answers
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Involutions in $\mathbb{F}_p[[x]]$
Question: For a prime $p$, is every involution in $\mathbb{F}_p[[x]]$ with a zero constant term a reduction modulo $p$ of some involution in $\mathbb{Z}[[x]]$?
Here involution in $A[[x]]$ means $f\in ...
9
votes
4
answers
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Formal power series is Taylor expansion of rational function iff Hankel determinants vanish?
Let $$ u(T)=\sum_{n = 0}^\infty a_nT^n$$ be a formal power series over a field $K$. Then why does $u(T)$ lie in $K(T)$ (i.e. is the Taylor expansion of a rational function) if and only if there is an $...
9
votes
2
answers
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Algebraic power series of finite order
Apologies if the question is too elementary/something well-known.
I believe it is a well-known fact that the rational formal power series $F(z)=\frac{P(z)}{Q(z)}$ which have finite order under ...
9
votes
2
answers
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Algebraic power series over $\mathbb{F}_2$ as roots of polynomials of special form
Let $F = \mathbb{F}_2$ be the field with two elements. I will denote the rings of polynomials and formal
power series over $F$ as $F[t]$ and $F[[t]]$ respectively. Suppose that $x \in F[[t]]$ is ...