Questions tagged [norms]
The norms tag has no usage guidance.
334
questions
34
votes
5
answers
13k
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Linearity of the inner product using the parallelogram law
A norm on a vector space comes from an inner product if and only if it satisfies the parallelogram law. Given such a norm, one can reconstruct the inner product via the formula:
$2\langle u,v\rangle ...
31
votes
0
answers
2k
views
Do there exist infinite-dimensional Banach spaces in which every bounded linear operator attains its norm?
Let $X$ be a Banach space, $L(X)$ the space of all bounded linear operators on $X$. We say that $A ∈ L(X)$ attains its norm if there exists $x ∈ X$ such that $\|x\| = 1$ and $\|Ax\| = \|A\|$. The ...
23
votes
3
answers
15k
views
Hölder's inequality for matrices
I was wondering if the Hölder's inequality was true for matrix induced norms, i.e. if
$$\|AB\|_1 \leq \|A\|_p\|B\|_q, \quad\forall p,q \in [1,\infty] \text{ s.t. } \tfrac{1}{p}+\tfrac{1}{q} = 1.$$
But ...
22
votes
6
answers
1k
views
Under what conditions $\|x-y\|=n\iff\|f(x)-f(y)\|=n.$ for $n\in\mathbf{N}$ implies isometry?
Let $X, Y$ be normed space and $f:X\to Y$ be a mapping. Assume that for all $n\in\mathbf{N}$, $$\|x-y\|=n\iff\|f(x)-f(y)\|=n.$$
Under what conditions this map will be an isometry?
Thanks
18
votes
3
answers
5k
views
What are the matrices preserving the $\ell^1$-norm?
So I am inspired by unitary matrices which preserve the $\ell^2$-norm of all vectors, so in particular the unit norm vectors. But then I saw that the $\ell^1$-norm of probability vectors is preserved ...
18
votes
3
answers
931
views
Bounding the commutator [A,B] in terms of the numerical radius
Given a norm $N$ over ${\bf M}_n(\mathbb C)$, it is a natural question to find the best constant $C_N$ such that
$$N([A,B])\le C_N N(A)N(B),\qquad\forall A,B\in{\bf M}_n(\mathbb C).$$
The answer is ...
18
votes
2
answers
1k
views
An equivalence relation for norms
Let us say that two norms $\|\cdot\|_1$ and $\|\cdot\|_2$ on a real vector space $V$ are strongly equivalent if there exists a constant $\lambda \geq 1$ such that
$$
\frac{1}{\lambda} \left( \|x\|_1 +...
18
votes
1
answer
948
views
Extremal points of the unit ball of M_n(R) ...
The unit ball of ${\bf M}_n(\mathbb R)$ is a compact convex subset. As such, it is (Krein-Milman theorem) the convex envelop of its extremal points. So far, so good; but the unit ball depends of the ...
17
votes
2
answers
506
views
On a special type of normed linear spaces
Let $(V,\|.\|)$ be a normed linear space such that for every group $(G,*)$, every function $f:G \to V$ satisfying
$$
\|f(x*y)\|\ge \|f(x)+f(y)\|,\qquad\forall x,y\in G,\tag{Z}
$$ is a group ...
17
votes
0
answers
220
views
GPS calculations under $L^p$ norms
GPS calculations require finding a sphere externally tangent to
four given spheres, an
Apollonian problem
in $\mathbb{R}^3$.
The center of that fifth sphere is one of the $16$ possible solutions to
...
16
votes
3
answers
690
views
An inequality for two independent identically distributed random vectors in a normed space
Suppose that $X$ and $Y$ are independent identically distributed random vectors in a separable Banach space $B$. Does it always follow that $E\|X-Y\|\le E\|X+Y\|$?
Some background information on ...
16
votes
1
answer
3k
views
A property that forces the NORM to be induced by an INNER PRODUCT
Let $(E, \|\cdot\|)$ be a real normed vector space such that for any $a,b\in E$,
$$ \|x +y\|^2 + \|x-y\|^2 \geq 4 \|x\|\cdot \|y\| $$
I want to show that the norm is induced by an inner product. Any ...
16
votes
1
answer
1k
views
How many values determine a norm?
It is well known that for a bilinear form over an n-dimensional vector space, $n^2$ values (on all pairs of basis-vectors) determine it uniquely.
How many values do we need to specify in order to ...
15
votes
2
answers
2k
views
In infinite dimensions, is it possible that convergence of distances to a sequence always implies convergence of that sequence?
This is a cross-posted on MSE here.
Let $(X,d)$ be a metric space. Say that $x_n\in X$ is a P-sequence if $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}d(x_n,y)$ converges for every $y\in X.$ Say that $(X,d)$ is P-...
15
votes
2
answers
1k
views
Bounding the matrix norm of a commutator $[A,B]$ in terms of the norms of $A$ and $B$
The setup is as in this question:
Given a norm $N$ over ${\bf M}_n(\mathbb C)$, it is a natural question to find the best constant $C_N$ such that
$$N([A,B])\le C_N N(A)N(B),\qquad\forall A,B\in{\bf M}...
15
votes
2
answers
888
views
Higher-rank Archimedean valuations of $\mathbb{Q}$, does it exist?
I was reading the proof of Ostrowski's theorem, with an eye toward the Zariski-Riemann space (as well as adic space, Berkovich space, etc.) In the proof, the value group is always assumed to be in $\...
14
votes
1
answer
835
views
What are the applications of the Mazur-Ulam Theorem?
Every bijective isometry between normed spaces is affine. This well-known and beautiful statement, the Mazur-Ulam Theorem, was proved in 1932, but the proof has been simplified and polished in years, ...
13
votes
4
answers
786
views
Are norms intrinsically $\mathbb{R}$-valued?
Another way of phrasing this: are there any viable definitions of something which is norm-like but whose range is in a linearly ordered rig (for example) rather than $\mathbb{R}$?
I have searched a ...
12
votes
2
answers
924
views
which norms can be realized as operator norms?
Assume $(V,∥∥_V),(W,∥∥_W)$ are both finite dimensional normed spaces. We have the induced operator norm on ${\rm Hom}(V,W)$.
It turns out that the operator norm is induced by an inner product iff ...
12
votes
1
answer
441
views
Subtracting the weak limit reduces the norm in the limit
Question
Let $X$ be some reflexive Banach space. Suppose $x_n$ is some sequence in $X$ that weak converges to some $y \neq 0$. Is it the case that
$$ \limsup \|x_n - y\| < \limsup \|x_n\| ?$$
...
12
votes
3
answers
364
views
Probability of $\ell_1$-norms of vertices of the rotated Hamming cube
Let $O$ be a $d$-dimensional rotation matrix (i.e., it has real entries and $OO^T = O^TO = I$). Let $\mathbf{x}$ be a uniformly random bitstring of length $d$, i.e., $\mathbf{x} \sim U(\{0,1\}^d)$. In ...
11
votes
2
answers
984
views
A "quadratic" triangular inequality
In a Euclidian space (Hermitian as well), say $\ell^2_n$, the following inequality holds true
$$(QI)\qquad |b|\cdot|c-a|\le|c|\cdot|a-b|+|a|\cdot|b-c|,\qquad\forall a,b,c\in\ell^2_n.$$
In other words, ...
10
votes
3
answers
1k
views
Pathological product space norm
Let $X$ and $Y$ be two normed vector spaces and $n(\cdot, \cdot)$ be any norm on $\mathbb{R}^2$. Is it always possible to define a norm on the product vector space $X \times Y$ as $||(x, y)||_{X \...
10
votes
1
answer
2k
views
Counting norms on an infinite dimensional vector space
It is known that whenever E is a finite dimensional real vector space, there is only one norm on E up to equivalence (actually one non discrete vector space topology).
Is it known what happens when E ...
10
votes
2
answers
5k
views
Nuclear norm as minimum of Frobenius norm product
Nuclear, or trace, or Ky Fan, norm of a matrix is defined as the sum of the singular values of the matrix.
It is claimed that
$$
\|X\|_\sigma = \min_{UV^T=X} \|U\|\|V\| = \min_{UV^T=X} \frac{1}{2}(\|...
10
votes
1
answer
1k
views
On bi-invariant metrics on groups
I'm looking for a quick, snap-your-fingers proof of the following result:
A continuous length metric on $\mathbb{R}^n$ that is invariant under translations comes from a norm.
To be clear about the ...
10
votes
0
answers
253
views
Integral points on elliptic curve and the Lee norm
This question is based on small experiments I have done in Sagemath and if it is not research level, I will move it to MSE:
Let $E$ be an elliptic curve defined with coefficients in $\mathbb{Z}$.
The ...
9
votes
2
answers
802
views
What norms can be "universally" defined on any real vector space with a fixed basis?
Let $V$ be a real vector space and let $B = (b_\lambda)_{\lambda \in \Lambda}$ be a basis. So every $v \in V$ can be written uniquely as a linear combination
$$ v = c_{\lambda_1} b_{\lambda_1} + c_{\...
9
votes
2
answers
490
views
Projections onto $n$-codimensional subspaces of a Banach space: norms.
Hello, I'd like some help to find an answer I've been looking for since this morning.
Let $X$ be a Banach space and let $Y$ be an $n$-codimensional subspace of $X$. Let $P$ be a projection from $X$ ...
9
votes
1
answer
640
views
Banach space with uncountable basis
We know that an infinite dimensional Banach space has an uncountable Hamel basis. Now if $X$ is a vector space with an uncountable Hamel basis, does there exist a norm on $X$ for which $X$ is a Banach ...
9
votes
1
answer
468
views
Image of the norm map for degree $3$ galois extension over $\mathbb{Q}$
I want to construct a cyclic division algebra of degree $3$ over some degree $3$ Galois extension $E$ of $\mathbb{Q}$. So the construction is as follows:
As a set $D=E\oplus uE \oplus u^2 E$ where $u$...
9
votes
1
answer
494
views
Regular $p$-norm of a matrix
Let $n \in \mathbb{N}$ and $p \in [1,\infty]$ be fixed and endow $\mathbb{C}^n$ with the $p$-norm $\|\cdot\|_p$. For every matrix $A \in \mathbb{C}^{n \times n}$ we denote the operator norm of $A$ as ...
9
votes
1
answer
1k
views
Under what conditions a linear automorphism is an isometry of some norm?
Assume $V$ is a finite-dimensional vector space over $\mathbb{R}$, and $T: V \to V$ is a (linear) isomorphism.
When is it possible to construct a norm on $V$
making $T$ an isometry?
(Hopefully,...
9
votes
1
answer
273
views
Continuously varying norms
Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional real vector space with its Euclidean topology. Then all norms on $V$ are equivalent and consequently given two norms $\lVert-\rVert$, $\lVert-\rVert'$, the number
$$
d =...
8
votes
3
answers
1k
views
Can the topological algebra of analytic functions be endowed with a norm that defines the natural topology?
Right, so in my research in complex analysis I was puzzled by this question which may have a simple approachable answer that eludes me, but I am truly itching to find out and in need of it so I am ...
8
votes
3
answers
2k
views
Bounding supremum norm of Lipschitz function by L1 norm
Consider $f:[0,1]^d \to \mathbb{R}$. Suppose that $f$ is $L$-Lipschitz w.r.t. the Euclidean norm. Can we provide an upper bound on $\|f\|_\infty$ in terms of $\|f\|_1 := \int_{[0,1]^d} |f(x)|dx$ ?
In ...
8
votes
2
answers
496
views
Constructing a function over a metric space through given points
Suppose there is a compact metric space $(X,\rho)$ and a Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^n$.
There is a sequence of unequal points $\{x_1,...x_N\}$ in $X$ such that all metrics $\rho(x_i,x_j)$ are known ...
8
votes
2
answers
876
views
Sum of the norm of polynomials
Let $\bar D$ denote the closed unit disc in the complex plane.
Consider the function $f:\bar D\longrightarrow \mathbb{C}$, defined as $f(z)=z$ for all $z\in \bar D$.
Let $n\in \mathbb{N}$. For $1\leq ...
8
votes
1
answer
347
views
Proving a certain $ C^{*} $-algebraic inequality
Let $ A $ be a non-unital $ C^{*} $-algebra. Is there an ‘elementary’ way to prove, for all $ (a,\lambda) \in A \times \mathbb{C} $, the inequality
$$
|\lambda| \leq \sup_{b \in A, ~ \| b \| \leq 1} \|...
8
votes
0
answers
719
views
Bounding sum of first singular values squared for Kronecker sum of traceless matrices
Let $A$ and $B$ be $4\times4$ traceless matrices with Hilbert-Schmidt norms summing up to $1/4$, i.e.
$$\text{Tr}\left[ A\right]=\text{Tr}\left[ B\right] = 0,\qquad\text{Tr}\left[ A^\dagger A + B^\...
7
votes
3
answers
897
views
Norms as Points in $C(X)$
$\newcommand\abs[1]{\lvert{#1}\rvert}$Let $X$ be a compact hausdorff space, and put $C(X)$ for the $\mathbb{R}$-algebra of continuous maps from $X$ to $\mathbb{R}$.
For each point $x$, there is a ...
7
votes
2
answers
611
views
If I multiply the coefficients of a trace-class operator with bounded complex numbers is it still trace class?
Suppose that $T \in TC(l^2( \mathbb{Z}))$ is trace class.
Consider its kernel $ T(i,j) = \langle e_i, T e_j \rangle $ where $ \{e_i\}_{i \in \mathbb{Z}}$ is an ONB for $l^2( \mathbb{Z})$. Now, ...
7
votes
1
answer
1k
views
Operator norm of square root of matrix vs original
If I have a nonsymmetric matrix whose operator norm is $\leq 1$ and square root it, does its operator norm remain below $1$?
More formally, I want to know whether there is always at least one square ...
7
votes
1
answer
2k
views
Equivalence of entrywise 1-norm and Schatten-1 norm
Let $A \in \mathbb{R}^{m\times n}$ and $\|A\| = \sum_{i, j} |A_{i,j}|$.
I am looking for constants $\alpha, \beta \in \mathbb{R}$ such that
$\alpha \|A\| \leq \|A\|_* \leq \beta \|A\|$
The function ...
7
votes
2
answers
509
views
Proving an infinite norm minimization problem has finite support (non-convex p-norms)
Consider an optimization problem over infinite variables:
$$
\begin{align}
\min_{x}~& {\left\lVert{x}\right\rVert }_p
\\
\text{s.t}~& \left\langle x, a_n\right\rangle \ge 1~,~\forall n=1,\...
7
votes
1
answer
510
views
Real vs complex norm for polynomials
Let $d \in \mathbb{N}$. We denote by $C_d$ the best (smallest) constant satisfying that
$$ \sup{\{ |P(z)| \colon z \in \mathbb{D} \}} \leq C_{d} \, \sup{\{ |P(x)| \colon x \in [-1,1] \}} $$
for every ...
7
votes
1
answer
658
views
Norms of B-spline coefficients
In Shumaker's book (Spline Functions: Basic Theory), we know that the $l^\infty$-norm of B-spline coefficients is bounded above and below by the $L^\infty$-norm of the spline itself. Are there similar ...
7
votes
1
answer
323
views
Absolute value on tensor product of fields
Suppose that we have the Laurent series fields $F_1:=\mathbb F_p((X))$ and $F_2:=\mathbb F_p((Y))$.
Equip $F_1$ with the $X$-adic multiplicative absolute value $|\cdot|_1$, i.e. define $|X|_1=\dfrac{1}...
6
votes
1
answer
978
views
Cartesian product of Banach spaces: all norms such that the inclusion is an isometry are equivalent?
Let $\mathcal{A}$ be an arbitrary (typically infinite-dimensional) Banach space with norm $\|\cdot\|_{\mathcal{A}}$ and let $\mathcal{A}^{n}$ be its Cartesian product. I came across the following ...
6
votes
1
answer
3k
views
When do 0-preserving isometries have to be linear?
Let $\langle \mathbf{V},+,\cdot,||.|| \rangle$ be a normed vector space over $\mathbb{R}$.
Let $f : \mathbf{V} \to \mathbf{V}$ be an isometry that satisfies $f(\mathbf{0}) = \mathbf{0}$ .
What ...