Questions tagged [metric-spaces]
A metric space is a pair $(X,d)$, where $X$ is a set and $d:X \times X \to \mathbb{R}$ satisfies the following conditions for all $x,y,z \in X$. (Symmetry) $d(x,y)=d(y,x)$. (Identity of Indiscernibles) $d(x,y)=0$ if and only if $x=y$. (Triangle Inequality) $d(x,y)+d(y,z) \geq d(x,z)$.
442 questions
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A construction with Hyperspace of continums
Let $X$ be a compact connected metric space. Its hyperspace is denoted by $2^{X}.$ $X$ is considered as a subset of $2^{X}$ via the embedding $x\mapsto \{x\}$. Assume that $f:X\to X$ is a ...
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How to show the cardinality of nonisometric compact metric spaces is the continuum
It is asserted in A Course in Metric Geometry by Burago, Burago, Ivanov that
there can be no more than continuum of mutually nonisometric compact spaces
How is this proven?
Its clear that there ...
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Is there good evidence that topological spaces are the correct way to study the general theory of continuity? [closed]
My reason for asking is that the theory of metric spaces is so clean and so many significant theorems can be proved for an arbitrary metric space (which makes it plausible to me that metric spaces are ...
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Bilipschitz embedding of the unit ball of $c_0$ into $\ell_1$
This is a follow-up to this question of mine.
It is well-known that the Banach space $\ell_1$ does not contain any isomorphic copies of $c_0$. One can even go further and show that $\ell_1$ does not ...
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Extending homeomorphisms between compact metric subsets
Let $X$ be a compact metric, second countable space with finite covering dimension. Let $A,B$ be two closed subsets of $X$. Assume that $h:A\to B$ is a homeomorphism.
Is it possible to extend $h$ to a ...
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Can we extend an a.e. Lipschitz map defined on a closed subset of R^N to the whole space so that it is still a.e. Lipschitz?
I have the following question. Let $A$ be a metrically oriented $n$-dimensional subset of $\mathbb{R}^N$ and $f$ a continuous map from $A$ to $\mathbb{R}^M$. We know that $\operatorname{Lip} f < +\...
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A measure of closeness to a discrete set in a metric space
Consider a metric space $(M,d)$ and consider a collection of points $X_n := \{x_1,\dots,x_n\} \subset M$. Let
$$
N_\epsilon(y;X_n) := | \{ x \in X_n: d(x,y) \le \epsilon \}|
$$
where the RHS is ...
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Are there some conditions on a metric space $X$ such that these two types of weak converge of finite signed Borel measures on $X$ are related?
Let
$X$ be a metric space,
$\mathcal M(X)$ the space of all finite signed Borel measures on $X$, and
$\mathcal C_b(X)$ be the space of real-valued bounded continuous functions on $X$.
Then $\mathcal ...
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When are Wasserstein spaces $CAT(\kappa)$?
Let $(X,d)$ be a complete and separable metric space and, for $1\leq p<\infty$, let $(\mathcal{P}_p(X,d),W_p)$ be the $p$-Wasserstein space on $(X,d)$. For which $p$ and $(X,d)$ is $(\mathcal{P}_p(...
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Effect of snowflaking on doubling constants
This question is related to this one. Let $(X,d)$ be a metric space, let $\epsilon\in [0,1)$ and consider the snowflake $(X,d^{1-\epsilon})$. Suppose that $(X,d)$ has a finite doubling constant, ...
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Continuous Left-inverse of Dirac Lipschitz-Free Space
Let $X$ be a separable pointed metric space and let $AE(X)$ denote the corresponding Lipschitz-Free (or Arens-Eells space) over $X$. The point-evaluation map $\delta:X\mapsto AE(X)$ is injective ...
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Is the following set closed with respect to the Hausdorff metric? [closed]
Let $(X,d)$ be a non-empty complete metric space, let
M be the set of all non-empty compact subsets equipped
with the Hausdorff metric, and $N$ be a positive integer.
Is
$$
\{A\subset X : 1\le \# A \...
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Inferring the modulus of continuity
Let $f:X\rightarrow Y$, $g:Y\rightarrow Z$ be uniformly continuous functions between metric spaces $X,Y,Z$ with moduli of continuity $\omega_f$ and $\omega_g$, respectively. Suppose that we know that ...
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Comparing $(((A^\varepsilon)')^\varepsilon)'$ and $int(A)$, where $A' := X\setminus A$ and $A^\varepsilon := \{x \in X \mid d(x,A) \le \varepsilon\}$
Disclaimer. This is follow up to the question https://math.stackexchange.com/q/3486130/168758.
Let $X=(X,d)$ be a Polish metric space equiped with the Borel $\sigma$-algebra and let $\mu$ be a ...
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Known Lipschitz-free spaces
The Lipschitz-Free space (also known as Arens-Eells spaces) $\mathcal{F}(X,d)$ over a pointed metric space $(X,d)$ is a well-studied object. In many instances, we have "concrete" representations of ...
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When are Carnot groups negatively curved and homeomorphic to Euclidean space
When are Carnot groups complete and negatively curved (in the sense of $CAT(\kappa)$ spaces)?
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Is every finite graph isomorphic to the proximity graph of some $S\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$?
This is the question that I should have asked before asking this older question.
If $(X,d)$ is a metric space, we associate with it a simple, undirected graph, called its proximity graph $G(X,d)$ ...
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Hausdorff convergence of preimages of discrete-valued functions
Suppose $f_n$, $f:X\to K$ where $K$ is a finite set and $(X,d)$ is a metric space. Suppose also that $f_n(x)\to f(x)$ for all $x\in X$ (pointwise convergence). Finally, let $d_H$ be the Hausdorff ...
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Base of topology for metric-like space
Let $X$ be a nonempty set and $p:X\times X\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^+ $ be a function satisfying the following conditions for all $x,y,z\in X$: \begin{align} &1)\enspace p(x,y)=0\implies x=y \\ &2)...
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$\ell_1$ and $\ell_\infty$ as complementary subspaces of Banach space
Let $X$ be a Banach space, and let $X'\subset X$ - its subspace. Then the following propositions are true:
$X'$ is closed, $X/X' \cong \ell_1 \Rightarrow X'$ is complementary;
$X' \cong \ell_\infty ...
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Definition of $F_{\sigma}$ sets in terms of $\varepsilon$?
Let $X$ be a metric space.
In Borel hierarchy, $\Sigma_{1}^0$ is the set of all open sets in $X$ while $\Pi_{1}^0$ is the set of all closed sets in $X.$ Then at next level, one has $\Sigma_{2}^0 = \{...
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$d(x,y) = \min\{|x_1−y_1|+|x_2−y_2|, 1−|x_1−y_1|+|x_2−(1−y_2)|\}$ defines a metric on $[0,1)\times[0,1]$? [closed]
For $x,y \in [0,1)\times[0,1]$, let $d(x,y)$ be the minimum of $|x_1−y_1|+|x_2−y_2|$ and $1−|x_1−y_1|+|x_2−(1−y_2)|$. Prove or disprove that $d$ is a metric.
I was unable to find a counterexample to ...
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Divergence functions in hyperbolic groups
Gromov hyperbolicity has many characterizations, one of them being the existence of a super-linear divergence function, see definition below.
We note that in $\mathbb{R}^2$ there is no divergence ...
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Do Gromov hyperbolic spaces admit concical geodesic bicombings?
Consider a metric space $(X,d)$ with a distinguished selection of geodesics, i.e. a geodesic bicombing $\sigma:X\times X\times [0,1]\rightarrow X$. We call a geodesic bicombing conical if it ...
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Graphs admitting an 1-Lipschitz map from edge mid-points to vertices
Let $G=(V,E)$ be a graph. A 1-Lipschitz vertex projection is a map $p: E \to V$ such that $p(e)$ is always an end-vertex of $e$, and if $e,f$ have a common end-vertex, then $p(e)$ and $p(f)$ coincide ...
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Right-continuity of covering number
Consider an ambient metric space $(\mathcal{X},\Vert\cdot\Vert_\infty)$. Let $\mathcal{B}_1 = \mathcal{B}_{\Vert\cdot\Vert_K}(0,1)\subseteq\mathcal{X}$ be the closed unit ball with respect to some ...
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What properties are preserved by quasi-isometries
Recently, I came across the notion of quasi-isometries, while thinking of "discrete spaces which are surrogates for approximate continuous ones".
What (metric)/geometric properties are ...
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Conditions that ensure the metric topology of $E$ coincides with the initial topology induced by a collection of real-valued functions on $E$
Let $(E, d)$ be a metric space and $\mathcal F$ a collection of real-valued functions on $E$. Assume that for all $x,x_n \in E$ with $n\in \mathbb N$,
$$
x_n \to x \iff [f(x_n) \to f(x) \quad \forall ...
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When is the internal covering number of a metric space monotonic?
Given a radius $r > 0$, the internal covering number of a subset $T$ of a metric space $(X, d)$ is denoted $N_r(T)$ and is defined to be the smallest number of balls of radius $r$ (under $d$) with ...
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Example of a nonconvex Chebyshev set in a metric space with continuous projection?
Question: Is there an example of a nonconvex Chebyshev set $S$ in a metric space $(X,d)$ whose projection map is continuous?
For convexity to be well-defined, we need to assume that $X$ is a vector ...
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A property on some unbounded metric spaces
Suppose that $(X,d)$ is a metric spaces. Which condition(s) can guaranties the following property:
$\forall x, \forall y \in X, \exists \{z_n\}$ such that $\lim_{n\to +\infty } d(x,z_n)=+\infty$ and $\...
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Cauchy subsequences in "Hausdorff Cauchy sets"
This is a follow-up to an older question.
Let $(X,d)$ be a metric space and let $(A_n)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}\subseteq X$ be a sequence of bounded non-empty subsets of $X$ such that for all $\varepsilon &...
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Minkowski spacetime in Newman Penrose formalism
I have a rather basic question for which (surprisingly!) I cannot find a short and clear answer anywhere:
I'm currently looking at the Newman Penrose (NP) formalism (I use primarily Chandrasekhar's "...
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Open set of geodesics implies the set of starting points is open
Let $X$ be a complete and separable metric space, let $G(X) \subset C([0,1],X)$ be the space of continuous curves from $[0,1]$ to $X$ with constant speed, i.e.
$$ d(f(t),f(s)) = |t-s| d(f(0), f(1)). $$...
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Lipschitz approximation of a probability measure with finite $1$-st moment by the ones with finite $p$-th moment
For $p \in [1, \infty)$, let $\mathcal P_p (\mathbb{R^d})$ be the space of Borel probability measures on $\mathbb R^d$ with finite $p$-th moment. We endow $\mathcal P_p (\mathbb{R^d})$ with the ...
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Billingsley convergence of probability measures - inequality used in Theorem 2
On Page 8, Billingsley defines $f(x)=(1-\rho(x,F)/\epsilon)^{+}$ where $\rho(x,F)$ is the metric distance from the set $F$. He then states $|f(x)-f(y)|\leq \rho(x,y)/\epsilon$ and goes on to use this ...
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Expected value of the projective metric between random orthogonal Stiefel matrices in $\mathbb{R}^{N \times k}$ equals $1 - \frac{k}{N}$
This is a cross-post from this other question that I asked ~1 month ago in the mathematics forum, with no reaction. I am still stuck on this, looking for references or approaches to proofs. I hope I ...
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Defining area / n-volume of a finite metric space
Let $(X, d)$ be a finite metric space. I've seen several answers to the question when can $X$ be isometrically embedded into Euclidean space (or, more generally, Riemannian manifold). I'm interested ...
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Changing a metric to that 2 points have different distance
Let $X$ be a compact metric space. Assume that $X$ has more than $2$ points (or even better, that $X$ is connected with more than 1 point). Given a metric $d$ on $X$ we define $$d(x,X)=\max\{d(x,z):z\...
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Does the topology of Wasserstein space $(\mathcal P_p (E), W_p)$ coincide with the initial topology induced by $\mathcal C_b(E) \cup \{g_p\}$?
Let $(E, d)$ be a Polish space and $\mathcal C_b(E)$ the space of all real-valued bounded continuous functions on $E$. Let $p \in [1, \infty)$ and $\mathcal P_p (E)$ the space of all Borel probability ...
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How to find the point at minimal average distance of a given measure
Given a compactly supported probability measure $m$ on $\mathbb{R}^n$, we can define its average distance to a point $x$ as $\int_\mathbb{R^n}d(x,y)dm(y)$. In this question I found that for a given ...
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A neighborhood $Y$ of a set $X$ such that the line segment connecting any point in $Y$ and its projection to $X$ is contained in $Y$
A direct line from a point $p$ to a set $X$ is a line segment with one endpoint at $p$ and one endpoint in $X$, which is as short as any other line segment from $p$ to $X$. Given a closed set $X$ and ...
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When are uniform embeddings quasisymetric
Let $X,Y$ be metric space and suppose that $f:X\rightarrow Y$ is a uniform embedding; i.e.:
$$
\omega(d_X(x,z))\leq d_Y(f(x),f(z)) \leq \Omega(d_X(x,z)),
$$
where $\omega\leq \Omega$ are both strictly ...
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Does the compactness of parameter of distribution function imply the compactness of the distribution (or probability measure) in Wasserstein space?
For a family of probability measures sharing the same form of distribution function $F(x; p)$ with different parameters (i.e., $p$'s), if the parameter falls in a compact subset of real line, can we ...
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524
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What is the quotient (pseudo)metric $d_\sim$ and how do I identify the infimum of possible sequences in this instance?
Let $Z$ be the the set of dyadic and ternary rationals in the interval $\left[\frac12,1\right)$ whose 3-adic valuation is either $-1$ or $0$, with the standard absolute value topology inherited from ...
- 308
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1
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524
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Convergence in the Wasserstein metric and the square root function
Let $f$ be a smooth probability distribution on the unit square $S$ such that $f(x)>0$ on $S$. Let $\{g_i\}$ be a sequence of smooth probability distributions such that $g_i(x)>0$ on $S$ as ...
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456
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Classes of metric spaces with additional structure [closed]
As is often the case in mathematics there is an option of studying a more general topic but this comes with a price of losing some interesting properties which are only present in the more specialized ...
- 364
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0
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33
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Obtaining the geodesic extension property by embedding in a larger space
Suppose $(X,d)$ is a Hadamard space. By considering basic examples like a compact interval in $\mathbb{R}$ or a closed unit ball in Hilbert space, $X$ need not have the geodesic extension property (...
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42
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Genaralizing the metric expression present in the quadrilateral inequality
Let $(X, d)$ be a metric space. In Sato - An alternative proof of Berg and Nikolaev’s characterization of CAT(0)-spaces via quadrilateral inequality it is stated that if $X$ is a geodesic space, then ...
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Variants of Dirichlet-type function as a pointwise limit of continuous functions
Problem
Suppose $f$ is a function from a complete metric space $X$ to a metric space $Y$, and suppose $Y$ has points $y_{0}$, $y_{1}$ such that the subsets $f^{-1}(y_{0})$ and $f^{-1}(y_{1})$ are both ...
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