Questions tagged [functional-equations]
The functional-equations tag has no usage guidance.
206
questions
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Imaginary delay
I'm looking at a particular delay differential equation:
Suppose we have $x'(t) = x(t - i \pi),$ with initial condition $\phi(t) = x_0(t),$ where $i \pi$ is imaginary.
Well, uh, how do we derive a ...
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-1
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0
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77
views
What are the process and fundamentals of solving delay differential equations?
I have a lot of confusion around delay/difference differential equations, I'm hoping someone can clear it up. This is a very niche, specialized subject, so I need to ask here among people who have ...
- 11
1
vote
0
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81
views
Invariant polynomials under a non-standard group action
There is a whole theory of finding the invariant polynomials for matrix groups $\Gamma$ acting on the polynomial ring $\mathbb{C}[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$. I would be interested in finding invariant ...
0
votes
2
answers
306
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How can I derive functional properties of (the solutions of) this simple functional differential equation?
I've not yet finished a course in functional analysis so I'm unsure how to go about this, but I've always been fascinated by a simple functional differential equation I concocted for almost no reason.
...
- 11
1
vote
1
answer
162
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Is there a systematic procedure to Solve Abel's, Böttcher's, or Schröder's Equation
I've been interested greatly in the study of functional equations for some time now, I've learnt many different techniques for their solution. Currently I have been studying superfunctions and ...
1
vote
0
answers
25
views
Hardy type inequality with singular weights
Recall that Hardy's inequality involving distance from the boundary of a convex set $\Omega \subsetneq \mathbb{R}^n ; n \geq 1$, asserts that
$$
\int_{\Omega}|\nabla u|^p \, d x \geq\left(\frac{p-1}{p}...
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1
vote
0
answers
28
views
Rätz orthogonality and involution
In the Rätz’s sens of orhtoganality, can we find an exemple of an involution u(different to -Id)such that x orthogonal to y then x orthogonal to u(y)
11
votes
2
answers
802
views
What are the iterates of $x \mapsto 1 - \sqrt{1-x^2}$?
Let $f\colon [0,1]\to[0,1]$ be given by $f(x) = 1-\sqrt{1-x^2}$, i.e., the increasing auto-homeomorphism of $[0,1]$ whose graph is a quarter circle centered at $(0,1)$. I am interested in what can be ...
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4
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0
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110
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$f(n) = \frac{n^2 + n + 4}{2}$, $g(f(n)) = f(g(n))$ such that $g(n)$ is an integer
Let $n$ be a strict positive integer and let's define an integer sequence $f(n)$ :
$$f(n) = \frac{n^2 + n + 4}{2}$$
so
$$
\begin{split}
f (\Bbb N)& \triangleq {3,5,8,12,17,23,30,38,47,\ldots}\\
f(...
- 677
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2
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584
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Proving the simple form of a function from statistical mechanics
I have discovered a pertinent solution to my problem in the article On the Kinetic Theory of Rarefied Gases by Harold Grad and the book Thermodynamik und Statistik by Arnold Sommerfeld, both of which ...
0
votes
1
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89
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Finding minimal $\gamma$ that satisfies the integral equation
I have a function $f(z) \in [0,\infty]$ that satisfies $-1 < f(z) < 0$.
I would like to find the minimal $\gamma$ that satisfies:
$$ \int_0^{\gamma} f(z)dz = \log(1+f(0)).$$
Clearly, I cannot ...
- 101
1
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0
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47
views
Can I apply $q$-Lagrange Inversion formula?
Now I have equation $F(x) = x \sum_{k\ge 0} g_k F(x) F(qx) \cdots F(q^{k-1} x)$, I need to get the coefficient of $x^n$ in $F(x)$, can I apply $q$-Lagrange Inversion formula to this?
Moreover, I have ...
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votes
1
answer
461
views
$f(f(z)) = z , f(\exp(z)) = \exp(f(z)) $?
While talking about tetration with my friend the following idea (re)occured.
$$f(f(z)) = z ,\quad f(\exp(z)) = \exp(f(z)) \tag{A}\label{A}$$
or variations of it like the weaker
$$f(f(f(f(z)))) = z ,\...
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0
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98
views
Numerical approaches to functional equations
I'm interested in finding numerical approaches to solving functional equations such as
f(xy)=f(x)+f(y),
where the equations had no derivatives or integrals, and contains arguments involving x
and y
.
...
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votes
2
answers
223
views
Can every symmetric function be factorized through symmetric polynomials?
A symmetric function is a function $f:\mathbb R^n\to \mathbb R$ such that $f(x_1,\ldots,x_n)=f(\sigma(x_1,\ldots,x_n))$ for every permutation $\sigma\in S_n.$
The most commonly encountered symmetric ...
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0
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62
views
How to solve a system of polynomial equations which are mostly factored?
If I have a system of $k$ equations
$$
\begin{cases}
F_1(x) = 0,\\
\quad\vdots \\
F_k(x) = 0.
\end{cases}
$$
with
$$
F_i(x) = c_i + \prod_{j=1}^n f^i_j(x)\quad i=1,\ldots,k
$$ where
$f^i_j: \mathbb{R}...
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0
answers
58
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Methods for holonomic recurrences
I wanted to ask if anyone knows of good texts/resources on methods for solving holonomic recurrence relations (if there are any general analytical approaches):
$$p_1(n)a(n)+p_2(n)a(n-1)+\dotsb+p_k(n)a(...
- 21
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votes
2
answers
306
views
Solving the functional equation $2f(x)=f(x+a_n)+f(x-a_n)$
Let $a_n$ be a sequence of strictly positive real numbers such that $\lim_{n \to \infty}a_n=0$. Find all functions $f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ that admit primitives (i.e. there exists a function $F:...
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votes
4
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How may I find all continuous and bounded functions g with the following property?
Find all continuous and bounded functions $g$
with :
$$\forall x \in \mathbb R, 4g(x)=g(x+1)+g(x-1)+g(x+\pi)+g(x-\pi).$$
I have posted this question here, but received no answer.
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2
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2
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242
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Non-exponential functions $f(x)$ satisfying $f(x+c)=\gamma(c)f(x)$
Question:
what can be said about the existence of functions
\begin{align}
f:x\mapsto f(x)&\implies x+c\mapsto \gamma(c)f(x)\\ f(x)\ne f(y)&\iff\frac{f(x)}{\gamma(x)}\ne\frac{f(y)}{\gamma(y)}
\...
- 12.3k
2
votes
0
answers
56
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any ideas on how to solve matrix equation like this $X A_i Y = B_i$
the objective function is like
$$\operatorname*{argmin}_{X,Y} = \sum_i \|X A_i Y - B_i\|_F^2$$, and $A_i$ is a diagonal matrix
I've tried gradient-descent, but as it turns out not well, I wonder if ...
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0
answers
68
views
How are eigenvalues of two psd kernels related?
Suppose $K(x,x')$ and $R(y,y')$ are two positive semi-definite kernels on $(x,x')\in \mathbb
{X}\times\mathbb{X}$ and $(y,y')\in\mathbb{Y}\times\mathbb{Y}$, respectively, and satisfying the following ...
0
votes
1
answer
46
views
Symmetric and nearly additive bounded functions
Let $(y_n)_{n\ge 1}$ be a sequence with values in $(0,1)$ such that $\lim_n y_n=1$. Let also $f: [0,1]\to \mathbb{R}$ be a bounded function such that $f(0)=0$ and satisfies
$$
\forall n\ge 1, \forall ...
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3
votes
1
answer
228
views
A pexiderization of the sine addition law on semigroups
Can we solve the follwing functional equation
$$f(xy)=g(x)h(y)+g(y)h(x)$$
on semigroups for unknown complex valued functions $f,g,h$ ?
2
votes
2
answers
249
views
One question about a specific first-order differential equation
Find the function-constant pairs $\langle f(x),c\rangle$ that satisfy the differential equation below:
$$f'(x)=f(x+c),$$
where $c \in \mathbb{C}$ and $f(x) \in \mathbb{C}$.
I found two families of ...
- 264
4
votes
2
answers
368
views
Is there a recurrence for the coefficients of the Laurent series expansion of $\frac{1}{1-e^{e^x - 1}}$?
So there's an elementary (but in my opinion quite interesting!) result which is that the Laurent series expansion of
$$\frac{1}{1-e^x} = -\frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{12}x - \frac{1}{720}x^3 \...
- 2,018
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1
answer
35
views
A set of equations for two (cumulative distribution) functions and their inverses
I am trying to characterize a set of distributions that satisfy two conditions. It is easy to characterize distributions fitting each of those conditions separately, but I am unable to make progress ...
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0
answers
51
views
Functional approximation with derivatives
I am trying to solve a functional approximation problem.
Consider a set of measurements of a d-dimensional state $\mathrm x \in \mathbb{R}^d$, together with velocities $\dot{\mathrm x}$ and ...
4
votes
2
answers
245
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A functional inequality which calculates the limitation of human eyes
Find all pair of function $f^-,f^+:[0,1]\rightarrow[0,1]$ such that:
(1)$f^-(x)\leq x\leq f^+(x)$.
(2)$f^-(x)+f^+(1-x)=1$.
(3)$f^-(x)f^-(y)\leq f^-(xy)\leq f^-(x)f^+(y)$.
(4)$f^+(x)f^-(y)\leq f^+(xy)\...
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1
vote
1
answer
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Spectral family associated with the Laplacian operator in $L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$ [closed]
Let $\lambda>0$ be given. Define
$$G_{\lambda}(\xi) = \chi_{_{\lbrace |\xi|^{2} \leq \lambda \rbrace }}.
$$
and
$$
E_{0}(\lambda)f = \mathcal{F}^{-1}[G_{\lambda}(|\xi|^{2})\mathcal{F}(f)], \ \ f \...
- 241
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0
answers
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views
Solving the integral equation $y(x)=e^{-x^2/2}+\lambda\int^{+\infty}_{-\infty}e^{-i(x-z)}y(z)dz$
Could you please help me to solve the following integral equation?
$$y(x)=e^{-x^2/2}+\lambda\int^{+\infty}_{-\infty}e^{-i(x-z)}y(z)dz$$
I tried to turn the exponentiential term into its trigonometric ...
- 1
8
votes
2
answers
642
views
Solving functional equation $f(xy)=f(x+y)$ and Diophantine equations
It is well known that the only solution is $f$ a constant function. However, by putting some restrictions on the functional equation, we might get other solutions, with potential implications to ...
- 3,036
8
votes
1
answer
414
views
Functional equation with Fourier transform and $\frac{1}{x} f(\frac{1}{x}) $
What are the continuous functions $f$ such that on $\mathbb{R}^{+*}$, they satisfy following functional equation:
$$\int_0^\infty f(t) e^{-itx} \, dt =\lambda \frac{1}{x} f\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)$$
$\...
- 1,101
10
votes
3
answers
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Progress in robustifying mathematics - i.e. making mathematical theorems robust to small changes in hypotheses
The idea of making a mathematical theorem robust to small changes in its hypotheses has been known for some time. In areas such as group theory reasonable progress has been made leading to the theory ...
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0
answers
224
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$f(x)>0$ and $f(y)>0$ implies $f(x+y)>0$, then there must exist an linear function $g$ such that $g(x)>0$ iff $f(x)>0$?
Background: Let $x,y\in\mathbb (0,+\infty)^n$. $f$ is a continuous function on $\mathbb R^n_+=(0,+\infty)^n$. Consider the following condition (1), the sign of $f(x+y)$ is dependent on the sign of $f(...
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2
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A functional equation for a family of functions indexed by the symmetric group $S_3$
$\newcommand{\C}{\mathbb C}$A question asked recently was as follows:
For the symmetric group $G:=S_3$, is it possible to construct functions $t_g\colon\C\to\C$ that satisfy the convolution identity
...
- 105k
3
votes
1
answer
156
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A question about decompositions of rational functions
Let $f_1,g_1,f_2,g_2$ be non-constant rational functions on the Riemann sphere (i.e. elements of $\Bbb{C}(z)-\Bbb{C}$) satisfying $f_1\circ g_1=f_2\circ g_2$. Suppose there is a prime number $p$ such ...
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votes
1
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199
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Largest asymptotic growth for $2f(x)-f(2x)$
I am trying to find smooth functions $f : \mathbb{R}_+ \to \mathbb{R}_+$ such that the quantity $$\Delta_f(x) := 2f(x)-f(2x)$$
is positive for $x$ large enough and has the greatest asymptotic growth.
...
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votes
1
answer
565
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Does it follow that $F^{(1)}(z)=F^{(2)}(z)$ for all $z \in \mathbb H$?
Let $\mathbb H= \{z \in \mathbb C\,:\, \textrm{Re}\,(z)\geq 0\}$ and for $j=1,2$ suppose that $F^{(j)}:\mathbb H\to \mathbb H$ is defined via
$$ F^{(j)}(z) = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{a_k^{(j)}}{z+\...
- 3,883
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votes
0
answers
185
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Fermat's Last Theorem (FLT) in standard model space corresponding to an infinite Blaschke product
Let $u$ be an inner function and denote by $H^2$ the Hardy space on the open unit disc D. A model space $K_u$ associated to $u$ is a Hilbert space of the form $K_u=(uH^2)^⊥$ where ⊥ denotes the ...
0
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0
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102
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What are the functions such that $ \lVert f + g \rVert_p^p = \lVert f \rVert_p^p + \lVert g \rVert_p^p$?
Let $1 \leq p \leq 2$. I am looking for a characterization of the couples $(f,g)$ of functions $f,g \in L_p(\mathbb{R})$ such that
$$ \lVert f + g \rVert_p^p = \lVert f \rVert_p^p + \lVert g \rVert_p^...
- 2,142
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votes
1
answer
169
views
Is it possible to numericaly solve functional equation
Given a functional equation of form $f(f(x))=T(x)$ is there any good ways to solve it numerically? If not then at least approximate in some small region $x\in(-a;a)$.
E.g. with the equation $f(f(x))=x+...
- 3
2
votes
0
answers
142
views
Square root of a function on a finite set
Let $S$ be a finite set and $f \colon S \to S$ be an arbitrary function. How can we find all functions $g \colon S \to S$ with $f = g \circ g$?
If $f$ and $g$ are both required to be invertible, the ...
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2
votes
2
answers
183
views
Functional equations and normal distribution
Let $\alpha \neq 1.$
If $X,Y$ are two independent random variable such that $U=X+Y$ and $V=X+\alpha Y$ are independent, then $X$ and $Y$ are normally distributed.
In term of characteristic functions ...
- 249
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votes
3
answers
4k
views
Is there a general solution for the differential equation $f''(x) = f(f(x))$?
I'm currently an undergraduate studying differential equations and I've been fixated on the differential equation $f''(x) = f(f(x))$ for the past 2 days. I can't seem to crack it but it feels like it ...
- 307
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votes
2
answers
452
views
A functional equation involving the inverse function
$\newcommand\ep\epsilon\newcommand\R{\mathbb R}$Let $P$ denote the set of all continuous probability density functions (pdf's) $p$ on $\R$ vanishing at $\pm\infty$. Let us say that a pdf $p\in P$ is ...
- 105k
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votes
1
answer
140
views
Solve $(x-a)^{\alpha +1} - \lambda*(b-x)^{\alpha + 1} = C(\frac{a+b}2 - x)^{\alpha}$ over $\mathbb R$ [closed]
I have been having trouble solving the following equation. Any help would be appreciated.
Let a,b,C,$\alpha$,$\lambda$ be real numbers with $C < 0$, $0 < \alpha < 1$, $\lambda > 1$. We ...
- 337
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votes
0
answers
192
views
Functions that satisfy a reverse triangle inequality: do they have a name?
Let $f : \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}_+$ satisfy
$$f(a) - f(b) \le C f(a - b)$$
$\forall a, b \in \mathbb{R}^n$ for some $C \ge 0$. Is there a name for such functions? (I would be happy to have a name ...
- 315
2
votes
1
answer
164
views
Existence of a distinguished continuous version of the logarithm of a continuous function
Let $E$ be a $\mathbb R$-Banach space and $\varphi\in C^0(E,\mathbb C\setminus\{0\})$ with $\varphi(0)=1$.
I want to show that there is an unique $\psi\in C^0(E,\mathbb C)$ with $\psi(0)=0$ and $$\...
- 81
3
votes
0
answers
358
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Is the study of additive functions dead?
I am learning more about the theory of additive functions ($f(nm)=f(m)+f(n)$) and I am struck by how powerful the theorems given are. For example, we have a complete characterization of not only what ...
- 2,591